The flexibility in the sexual expression of a species and the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism in previously gonochoristic populations can be simulated by setting the initial frequencies of each sex and the predominance of lifetime males and females, with which can occurs four flexibility strategies (Warner, 1975): (1) change from a male to female (protandry); (2) change from female to male (
protogyny); (3) change from female to hermaphrodite (protogynous hermaphroditism); (4) change from male to hermaphrodite (protandrous hermaphroditism).
This phenomenon is called
protogyny, diurnally synchronous dichogamy common when warm weather prevails during flowering.Spraying flowers with sulphur will not reduce the blossom drop.
In addition to
protogyny, we also observed an overlap of sexual phases in the coenanthia.
Floral ccology of Oreocharis acaulis (Gesncriaceae): an exceptional case of "preanthetic"
protogyny combined with approach herkogamy.
Protogyny in the Caribbean reef goby, Coryphopterus personatus: gonad ontogeny and social influences on sex-change.
Intersexuality,
protogyny or protendary not observed in C.
Sadovy de Mitcheson and Liu (2008) did not designate the thumbprint emperor as a protogynous hermaphrodite, and, although the seemingly complex sexuality of this species may require further inquiry, data from Guam provide evidence for
protogyny in that population (Taylor and McIlwain, 2010).
Protogyny, or female-first hermaphroditism, is found in several fish species that exhibit harem-based mating structures (e.g., Warner, 1984; Buston, 2003).
Such functional characters apparently are
protogyny, i.e., the functioning of the female reproductive organs before the male ones, the common curving of the petals towards the flower center during anthesis, thus providing a dark pollination chamber; further functional characters are thick petal tissues, many stamens which are tightly packed and shielded by a broadened apical prolongation of the connective, forming a roundish connective shield, and also profuse sticky stigmatic exudates, which protect, cover and connect the stigmas, functioning as a compitum; in the compitum, pollen tubes can cross between carpels which makes a regular distribution of pollen tubes possible (CARR and CARR, 1961, van HEUSDEN, 1992, ENDRESS, 1994).
marina exhibit
protogyny; female flowers conclude their phase of pollen receptivity at least 24 hours before the initiation of anther dehiscence [24].
auge presents
protogyny. Adult lifespan was 15 days maximum (n= 1).
Sexual development in fish is characterized by many factors, including genetic and environmental, male and female heterogametes, single gene and polygenic systems, protandry,
protogyny, social influence on sexual determination and many combinations and variations between and with these systems.