outcross

Seed number data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with population, pollination type (hand outcrossed vs natural), and flower location (bottom, middle, and top of inflorescence) as fixed effects.

Strong early expression of inbreeding depression due to selfing is common in trees species (Hufford and Hamrick 2003, Bower and Aitken 2007), such that predominantly outcrossed individuals survive to the adult stage, although inbreeding depression may be expressed over many years in trees species, due to their greater longevity (Petit and Hampe 2006).

As compared to outcrossed controls, this is expressed as significantly fewer larvae released, reduced rates of metamorphic initiation and completion, and decreased survival and fecundity.

This year's successful outcrossed horses included a dual Classic winner in Cockney Rebel and 2008 Classic contenders New Approach and Raven's Pass.

Generally, our results indicate that current isolation distances in Canada may be inadequate to mitigate outcrossed derived off-types to acceptable levels in pedigreed annual canarygrass seed production.

Yale University (New Haven, CT) has patented genetic constructs and methods for the production, maintenance and control of transgenes in transgenic eukaryotic organisms that undergo meiosis in which pollen or sperm can be outcrossed; this includes: transgenic animals, plant cells, plant tissues and whole plants.

To put these numbers into perspective, Alberta Agriculture has calculated that even at 0.2% outcrossing (with a neighbor's RR canola, for example), a crop yielding 25 bulac-1 with 3% shattering losses would deposit 10,000 outcrossed seeds/ac-1 or 4 outcrossed seeds per [m.sup.2] (www.agric.gov.ab.ca/crops/canola/outcrossing.html).

Outcrossed flowers were selectively retained to fruit, and flowe rs receiving a mixed outcross load were selectively retained over single-outcross flowers in one population.

The most general selective disadvantage of self-fertilization is that it is often accompanied by inbreeding depression ([Delta]), that is the reduction of fitness in self-fertilized progeny relative to outcrossed progeny.

However, with late seral dominants (primarily outcrossed), the number of populations that would need to be harvested is significantly less.

The plants with more flowers also produced a smaller percentage of outcrossed seeds -- those pollinated by a different plant.

Specifically, we investigate three questions: (1) Does self pollination result in fruit and seed set, and if so, is it equivalent to that of outcrossed pollen?