They also caused a
nonconsumptive trait-mediated indirect effect by scaring the elk so the ruminants ate less, which also contributed to tree recovery, but because infectious agents can be less than fully and immediately lethal, they can simultaneously consume their hosts and change their behavior, initiating what we call a consumptive traitmediated indirect effect."
The bill notes that "the minimal revenue generated by the sale of the furs of the animals killed by trappers is dwarfed by the millions of dollars that
nonconsumptive wildlife watching generates in California's economy."
In terms of
nonconsumptive use, the largest allocation is for power at 57.09 percent; irrigation, 31.35 percent; industrial, 7.4 percent; domestic/municipal, 3.34 percent; and others, 0.81 percent.
Site indices are high compared to much drier outwash plains in the region and PRSF is managed to provide both consumptive (hunting, fishing) and
nonconsumptive (canoeing, camping) recreational opportunities in addition to pulpwood production.
Sitvarin MI, Romanchek C, Rypstra AL (2015)
Nonconsumptive predatorprey interactions: sensitivity of the detritivore Sinella curviseta (Collembola: Entomobryidae) to cues of predation risk from the spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae).
More than a half-mile of trails, including a /6-mile wheelchair-accessible stretch, allow easy access for
nonconsumptive recreational use.
Effects of
nonconsumptive recreation on wildlife: a review.--Wildl.
First, meta-analysis of research on the effects of resources on plastic prey responses found that studies that use dynamic resource populations, as seen under natural conditions and unlike the static resources provided here, produce stronger negative
nonconsumptive predator effects (Preisser et al., 2009).
nonconsumptive dichotomy and calls for elaborating market-and non-market-mediated values related to reindeer.
Revisiting the classics: considering
nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-prey interactions.
Nonconsumptive uses can exclude other uses as well, by changing the flow of a river (through the use of dams and reservoirs) or the water quality (through pollution or wetland degradation).
Forest dependency is defined and measured on the basis of overlapping categories such as the extraction and production of forest products and the economics of the use of "
nonconsumptive" natural resources for tourism or amenities [9,40-43].