These stress hormones in combination with cortisol increase glucose formation in fish by the process of glucogenesis and glycogenolysis (Iwama et al., 1999) to fulfil the energy required created by the toxicant for the "fight of flight" response, so it can be used as bio-indicator.
GCK mutations affect not only the pancreatic function of this enzyme but the liver function too, where the decrease in the glycogen synthesis and storage, as well as increase in glucogenesis after standard meals, is reported.
Moreover, in order to highlight the primary effect of human insulin (glucogenesis and associated interconversions), the main biochemical components (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in fat body) were examined; only two studies have reported that synthetic ILPs directly affect metabolic processes in insects (Antonova et al., 2012).