Les

It was demonstrated that the mRNAs present in EVs are associated with the mesenchymal phenotype and with several cell functions related to the control of cell differentiation (RAX2, OR11H12, OR2M3, DDN, and GRIN3A), transcription (CLOCK, IRF6, RAX2, TCFP2, and BCL6B), proliferation (SENP2, RBL1, CDC14B, and S100A13), cytoskeleton (DDN, MSN, and CTNNA1), metabolism (ADAM15, FUT3, ADM2, LTA4H, BDH2, and RAB5A) [47], and cell immune regulation (CRLF1, IL1RN, and MT1X) (Table 2).

Expression of the HBGAs (A, B, H, and Lewis antigens) in saliva and on the surface of intestinal cells is driven by the FUT2 (A, B, and H antigens [secretor]) and FUT3 (Lewis antigens) genes, which express type 2 and type 3 fucosyltransferases, respectively.

For example, the secretor FUT2 [fucosyltransferase 2 (secretor status included) (alias, galactoside 2-[alpha]-L-fucosyltransferase 2)] [6] and Le FUT3 [fucosyltransferase 3 (galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase, Lewis blood group)] genes control the expression of enzymes in the synthetic pathway that governs expression of critical antigenic saccharide residues and, thus, an individual's presentation of Le blood group structures (28).

We obtained 38 saliva samples from healthy persons with ABO, Secretor, and Lewis phenotypes, and we selected confirmed FUT2 (secretor) and FUT3 (Lewis) genotypes (4) to include ABO, secretor, and Lewis phenotypic diversity.