(2016) studied non-clonal
brachiolaria that were identified as older stages of the cloning larvae.
exigua is an ovipositer and has a distinct benthic
brachiolaria (Byrne 1991, 1992).
This species produces large, buoyant eggs (0.6 [+ or -] 0.03 mm diameter), and has a typical lecithotrophic
brachiolaria larva.
Bipinnariae of the sea star Pisaster ochraceous reared at seasonally natural temperatures of 12-15 [degrees]C with abundant, mixed algal food (50,000 cells [ml.sup.-1]) demonstrated a 5-fold increase in incidence of cloning ([approximately equal to]6%, from the baseline rate of [approximately equal to]1.2%) during the time of transformation to the
brachiolaria stage, at about 50 d in laboratory culture (Vickery and McClintock, 2000).
Asteroids with planktotrophic development have two larval stages: the feeding bipinnaria and the settlement-stage
brachiolaria. Possession of the feeding bipinnaria larva is considered to represent the ancestral developmental mode for modern Asteroidea (review, Strathmann, 1975; Byrne, 2006; Raff and Byrne, 2006).
Brachiolaria larvae, which are characterized by a specialized attachment complex comprising three larval arms (brachia) and an adhesive disc, occur in the life cycle of many asteroids whatever their nutritional mode (planktotrophy versus lecithotrophy) or their developmental habitat (pelagic, benthic, or intragonadal) (McEdward and Janies, 1993, 1997; Byrne, 1999; McEdward and Miner, 2001; Byrne et al., 2003).
After 8 weeks,
brachiolaria larvae with well-developed juvenile rudiments were induced to settle and metamorphose by addition of small cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis) and fresh pieces of macroalgae (Ulva spp.) to the jars (L.
hystera has a typical lecithotrophic
brachiolaria (Byrne et al., 2003a).
pentagona is a dioecious free-spawner with a planktonic lecithotrophic
brachiolaria larva (Figs.
But Bosch (1992) and Jaeckle (1994) showed that larval cloning is not taxonomically restricted when they reported larval cloning in
brachiolaria larvae, which are common to all asteroid orders except the Paxillosida (to which Luidia belongs).
Bipinnaria and
brachiolaria larvae of the asteroids Luidia foliolata and Pisaster ochraceus were surgically bisected into anterior and posterior portions, and the regeneration process was followed for 2 weeks (Vickery and McClintock, 1998).