Sine, Cosine and Tangent in Four Quadrants
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
The three main functions in trigonometry are Sine, Cosine and Tangent.
[画像:triangle showing Opposite, Adjacent and Hypotenuse]
They are easy to calculate:
Divide the length of one side of a
right angled triangle by another side
... but we must know which sides!
For an angle θ, the functions are calculated this way:
Example: What is the sine of 35°?
Using this triangle (lengths are only to one decimal place):
sin(35°) = OppositeHypotenuse = 2.84.9 = 0.57...
Cartesian Coordinates
Using Cartesian Coordinates we mark a point on a graph by how far along and how far up it is:
[画像:graph with point (12,5)]
The point (12,5) is 12 units along, and 5 units up.
Four Quadrants
When we include negative values, the x and y axes divide the space up into 4 pieces:
Quadrants I, II, III and IV
(They are numbered in a counter-clockwise direction)
- In Quadrant I both x and y are positive,
- in Quadrant II x is negative (y is still positive),
- in Quadrant III both x and y are negative, and
- in Quadrant IV x is positive again, and y is negative
Like this:
| Quadrant | X (horizontal) |
Y (vertical) |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | Positive | Positive | (3,2) |
| II | Negative | Positive | (−5,4) |
| III | Negative | Negative | (−2,−1) |
| IV | Positive | Negative | (4,−3) |
Example: The point "C" (−2,−1) is 2 units along in the negative direction, and 1 unit down (i.e. negative direction).
Both x and y are negative, so that point is in "Quadrant III"
Reference Angle
Angles can be more than 90o
But we can bring them back below 90o using the x-axis as the reference.
Think "reference" means "refer x"
The simplest method is to do a sketch!
Example: 160o
Start at the positive x axis and rotate 160o
[画像:triangle quadrant example]
Then find the angle to the nearest part of the x-axis,
in this case 20o
The reference angle for 160o is 20o
Here we see four examples with a reference angle of 30o:
[画像:30 degree reference angles]
Instead of a sketch you can use these rules:
Sine, Cosine and Tangent in the Four Quadrants
Now let us look at the details of a 30° right triangle in each of the 4 Quadrants.
In Quadrant I everything is normal, and Sine, Cosine and Tangent are all positive:
Example: The sine, cosine and tangent of 30°
But in Quadrant II, the x direction is negative, and cosine and tangent become negative:
Example: The sine, cosine and tangent of 150°
In Quadrant III, sine and cosine are negative:
Example: The sine, cosine and tangent of 210°
Note: Tangent is positive because dividing a negative by a negative gives a positive.
In Quadrant IV, sine and tangent are negative:
Example: The sine, cosine and tangent of 330°
There is a pattern! Look at when Sine Cosine and Tangent are positive ...
- All three of them are positive in Quadrant I
- Sine only is positive in Quadrant II
- Tangent only is positive in Quadrant III
- Cosine only is positive in Quadrant IV
This can be shown even easier by:
[画像:trig ASTC is All,Sine,Tangent,Cosine]
[画像:trig graph 4 quadrants]
This graph shows "ASTC" also.
Some people like to remember the four letters ASTC by one of these:
- All Students Take Chemistry
- All Students Take Calculus
- All Silly Tom Cats
- All Stations To Central
- Add Sugar To Coffee
Maybe you could make up one of your own. Or just remember ASTC.
Inverse Sin, Cos and Tan
What is the Inverse Sine of 0.5?
sin-1(0.5) = ?
In other words, when y is 0.5 on the graph below, what is the angle?
[画像:sine crosses 0.5 at 30,150,390, etc]
There are many angles where y=0.5
The trouble is: a calculator will only give you one of those values ...
... but there are always two values between 0o and 360o
(and infinitely many beyond):
First value Second value
We can now solve equations for any angle!
Example: Solve sin θ = 0.5
We get the first solution from the calculator = sin-1(0.5) = 30o (it is in Quadrant I)
The next solution is 180o − 30o = 150o (Quadrant II)
Example: Solve cos θ = −0.85
We get the first solution from the calculator = cos-1(−0.85) = 148.2o (Quadrant II)
The other solution is 360o − 148.2o = 211.8o (Quadrant III)
We may need to bring our angle between 0o and 360o by adding or subtracting 360o
Example: Solve tan θ = −1.3
We get the first solution from the calculator = tan-1(−1.3) = −52.4o
This is less than 0o, so we add 360o: −52.4o + 360o = 307.6o (Quadrant IV)
The other solution is −52.4o + 180o = 127.6o (Quadrant II)