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The Emacs Editor

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 22.1.

For information on extending Emacs, see Emacs Lisp: (elisp)Top section `Top' in The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.

Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
Distribution	How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
A. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE	The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; it also explains that there is no warranty.
B. GNU Free Documentation License	The license for this documentation.
Introduction	An introduction to Emacs concepts.
Glossary	The glossary.
E. Emacs 21 Antinews	Information about Emacs version 21.
F. Emacs and Mac OS	Using Emacs in the Mac.
G. Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS	Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
The GNU Manifesto	What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
Acknowledgments	Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
Key (Character) Index	An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
Command-Line Options Index	An item for every command-line option.
Command and Function Index	An item for each command name.
Variable Index	An item for each documented variable.
Concept Index	An item for each concept.
Important General Concepts
1. The Organization of the Screen	How to interpret what you see on the screen.
2. Kinds of User Input	Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, function keys).
3. Keys	Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action.
4. Keys and Commands	Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
5. Character Set for Text	Character set for text (the contents of buffers and strings).
6. Entering and Exiting Emacs	Starting Emacs from the shell.
7. Exiting Emacs	Stopping or killing Emacs.
C. Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation	Hairy startup options.
Fundamental Editing Commands
8. Basic Editing Commands	The most basic editing commands.
9. The Minibuffer	Entering arguments that are prompted for.
10. Running Commands by Name	Invoking commands by their names.
11. Help	Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
Important Text-Changing Commands
12. The Mark and the Region	The mark: how to delimit a “region” of text.
13. Killing and Moving Text	Killing (cutting) text.
14. Yanking	Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.)
15. Accumulating Text	Other ways of copying text.
16. Rectangles	Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
18. Registers	Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
19. Controlling the Display	Controlling what text is displayed.
20. Searching and Replacement	Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
21. Commands for Fixing Typos	Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
22. Keyboard Macros	A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
Major Structures of Emacs
23. File Handling	All about handling files.
24. Using Multiple Buffers	Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
25. Multiple Windows	Viewing two pieces of text at once.
26. Frames and Graphical Displays	Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
27. International Character Set Support	Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).
Advanced Features
28. Major Modes	Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
29. Indentation	Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
30. Commands for Human Languages	Commands and modes for editing English.
31. Editing Programs	Commands and modes for editing programs.
32. Compiling and Testing Programs	Compiling, running and debugging programs.
33. Maintaining Large Programs	Features for maintaining large programs.
34. Abbrevs	How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type.
35. Editing Pictures	Editing pictures made up of characters using the quarter-plane screen model.
36. Sending Mail	Sending mail in Emacs.
37. Reading Mail with Rmail	Reading mail in Emacs.
38. Dired, the Directory Editor	You can “edit” a directory to manage files in it.
39. The Calendar and the Diary	The calendar and diary facilities.
40. Gnus	How to read netnews with Emacs.
41. Running Shell Commands from Emacs	Executing shell commands from Emacs.
42. Using Emacs as a Server	Using Emacs as an editing server for `mail`, etc.
43. Printing Hard Copies	Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
47. Sorting Text	Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
48. Narrowing	Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer.
49. Two-Column Editing	Splitting apart columns to edit them in side-by-side windows.
50. Editing Binary Files	Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
51. Saving Emacs Sessions	Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
52. Recursive Editing Levels	A command can allow you to do editing "within the command". This is called a "recursive editing level".
53. Emulation	Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
54. Hyperlinking and Navigation Features	Following links in buffers.
55. Dissociated Press	Dissociating text for fun.
56. Other Amusements	Various games and hacks.
57. Customization	Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
D. X Options and Resources	X resources for customizing Emacs.
Recovery from Problems
58. Quitting and Aborting	Quitting and aborting.
59. Dealing with Emacs Trouble	What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
60. Reporting Bugs	How and when to report a bug.
61. Contributing to Emacs Development	How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
62. How To Get Help with GNU Emacs	How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
--- The Detailed Node Listing --- --------------------------------- Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: The Organization of the Screen
1.1 Point	The place in the text where editing commands operate.
1.2 The Echo Area	Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
1.3 The Mode Line	Interpreting the mode line.
1.4 The Menu Bar	How to use the menu bar.
Basic Editing Commands
8.1 Inserting Text	Inserting text by simply typing it.
8.2 Changing the Location of Point	How to move the cursor to the place where you want to change something.
8.3 Erasing Text	Deleting and killing text.
8.4 Undoing Changes	Undoing recent changes in the text.
8.5 Files	Visiting, creating, and saving files.
8.6 Help	Asking what a character does.
8.7 Blank Lines	Commands to make or delete blank lines.
8.8 Continuation Lines	Lines too wide for the screen.
8.9 Cursor Position Information	What page, line, row, or column is point on?
8.10 Numeric Arguments	Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
8.11 Repeating a Command	A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
The Minibuffer
9.1 Minibuffers for File Names	Entering file names with the minibuffer.
9.2 Editing in the Minibuffer	How to edit in the minibuffer.
9.3 Completion	An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
9.4 Minibuffer History	Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
9.5 Repeating Minibuffer Commands	Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
Completion
9.3.1 Completion Example	Examples of using completion.
9.3.2 Completion Commands	A list of completion commands.
9.3.3 Strict Completion	Different types of completion.
9.3.4 Completion Options	Options for completion.
Help
11.1 Help Summary	Brief list of all Help commands.
11.2 Documentation for a Key	Asking what a key does in Emacs.
11.3 Help by Command or Variable Name	Asking about a command, variable or function name.
11.4 Apropos	Asking what pertains to a given topic.
11.5 Help Mode Commands	Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
11.6 Keyword Search for Lisp Libraries	Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
11.7 Help for International Language Support	Help relating to international language support.
11.8 Other Help Commands	Other help commands.
11.9 Help Files	Commands to display pre-written help files.
11.10 Help on Active Text and Tooltips	Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')
The Mark and the Region
12.1 Setting the Mark	Commands to set the mark.
12.2 Transient Mark Mode	How to make Emacs highlight the region– when there is one.
12.3 Using Transient Mark Mode Momentarily	Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily.
12.4 Operating on the Region	Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
12.5 Commands to Mark Textual Objects	Commands to put region around textual units.
12.6 The Mark Ring	Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
12.7 The Global Mark Ring	Previous mark positions in various buffers.
Killing and Moving Text
13.1 Deletion	Commands for deleting small amounts of text and blank areas.
13.2 Killing by Lines	How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
13.3 Other Kill Commands	Commands to kill large regions of text and syntactic units such as words and sentences.
17. CUA Bindings	Using `C-x`, `C-c`, `C-v` for copy and paste, with enhanced rectangle support.
Yanking
14.1 The Kill Ring	Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
14.2 Appending Kills	Several kills in a row all yank together.
14.3 Yanking Earlier Kills	Yanking something killed some time ago.
Registers
18.1 Saving Positions in Registers	Saving positions in registers.
18.2 Saving Text in Registers	Saving text in registers.
18.3 Saving Rectangles in Registers	Saving rectangles in registers.
18.4 Saving Window Configurations in Registers	Saving window configurations in registers.
18.5 Keeping Numbers in Registers	Numbers in registers.
18.6 Keeping File Names in Registers	File names in registers.
18.7 Bookmarks	Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
Controlling the Display
19.1 Scrolling	Moving text up and down in a window.
19.2 Automatic Scrolling	Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
19.3 Horizontal Scrolling	Moving text left and right in a window.
19.4 Follow Mode	Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
19.5 Using Multiple Typefaces	How to change the display style using faces.
19.6 Standard Faces	Emacs' predefined faces.
19.7 Font Lock mode	Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
19.8 Interactive Highlighting	Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
19.9 Window Fringes	Enabling or disabling window fringes.
19.10 Displaying Boundaries	Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
19.11 Useless Whitespace	Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
19.12 Selective Display	Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
19.13 Optional Mode Line Features	Optional mode line display features.
19.14 How Text Is Displayed	How text characters are normally displayed.
19.15 Displaying the Cursor	Features for displaying the cursor.
19.16 Truncation of Lines	Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
19.17 Customization of Display	Information on variables for customizing display.
Searching and Replacement
20.1 Incremental Search	Search happens as you type the string.
20.2 Nonincremental Search	Specify entire string and then search.
20.3 Word Search	Search for sequence of words.
20.4 Regular Expression Search	Search for match for a regexp.
20.5 Syntax of Regular Expressions	Syntax of regular expressions.
20.6 Backslash in Regular Expressions	Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
20.7 Regular Expression Example	A complex regular expression explained.
20.8 Searching and Case	To ignore case while searching, or not.
20.9 Replacement Commands	Search, and replace some or all matches.
20.10 Other Search-and-Loop Commands	Operating on all matches for some regexp.
Incremental Search
20.1.1 Basics of Incremental Search	Basic incremental search commands.
20.1.2 Repeating Incremental Search	Searching for the same string again.
20.1.3 Errors in Incremental Search	When your string is not found.
20.1.4 Special Input for Incremental Search	Special input in incremental search.
20.1.5 Isearch for Non-ASCII Characters	How to search for non-ASCII characters.
20.1.6 Isearch Yanking	Commands that grab text into the search string or else edit the search string.
20.1.7 Lazy Search Highlighting	Isearch highlights the other possible matches.
20.1.8 Scrolling During Incremental Search	Scrolling during an incremental search.
20.1.9 Slow Terminal Incremental Search	Incremental search features for slow terminals.
Replacement Commands
20.9.1 Unconditional Replacement	Replacing all matches for a string.
20.9.2 Regexp Replacement	Replacing all matches for a regexp.
20.9.3 Replace Commands and Case	How replacements preserve case of letters.
20.9.4 Query Replace	How to use querying.
Commands for Fixing Typos
21.1 Undo	Full details of Emacs undo commands.
21.2 Killing Your Mistakes	Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
21.3 Transposing Text	Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
21.4 Case Conversion	Correcting case of last word entered.
21.5 Checking and Correcting Spelling	Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
Keyboard Macros
22.1 Basic Use	Defining and running keyboard macros.
22.2 The Keyboard Macro Ring	Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
22.3 The Keyboard Macro Counter	Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
22.4 Executing Macros with Variations	Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
22.5 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros	Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
22.6 Editing a Keyboard Macro	Editing keyboard macros.
22.7 Stepwise Editing a Keyboard Macro	Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro.
File Handling
23.1 File Names	How to type and edit file-name arguments.
23.2 Visiting Files	Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
23.3 Saving Files	Saving makes your changes permanent.
23.4 Reverting a Buffer	Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
23.5 Auto Reverting non-file Buffers	Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
23.6 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters	Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
23.7 File Name Aliases	Handling multiple names for one file.
23.8 Version Control	Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
23.9 File Directories	Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
23.10 Comparing Files	Finding where two files differ.
23.11 Diff Mode	Editing diff output.
23.12 Miscellaneous File Operations	Other things you can do on files.
23.13 Accessing Compressed Files	Accessing compressed files.
23.14 File Archives	Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
23.15 Remote Files	Accessing files on other sites.
23.16 Quoted File Names	Quoting special characters in file names.
23.17 File Name Cache	Completion against a list of files you often use.
23.18 Convenience Features for Finding Files
23.19 Filesets	Handling sets of files.
Saving Files
23.3.1 Commands for Saving Files	Commands for saving files.
23.3.2 Backup Files	How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
23.3.3 Customizing Saving of Files	Customizing the saving of files.
23.3.4 Protection against Simultaneous Editing	How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users.
23.3.5 Shadowing Files	Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
23.3.6 Updating Time Stamps Automatically	Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
Backup Files
23.3.2.1 Numbered Backups	Whether to make one backup file or many.
23.3.2.2 Single or Numbered Backups	How backup files are named.
23.3.2.3 Automatic Deletion of Backups	Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
23.3.2.4 Copying vs. Renaming	Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
23.6.1 Auto-Save Files	The file where auto-saved changes are actually made until you save the file.
23.6.2 Controlling Auto-Saving	Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
23.6.3 Recovering Data from Auto-Saves	Recovering text from auto-save files.
Version Control
23.8.1 Introduction to Version Control	How version control works in general.
23.8.2 Version Control and the Mode Line	How the mode line shows version control status.
23.8.3 Basic Editing under Version Control	How to edit a file under version control.
23.8.4 Examining And Comparing Old Versions	Examining and comparing old versions.
23.8.5 The Secondary Commands of VC	The commands used a little less frequently.
23.8.6 Multiple Branches of a File	Multiple lines of development.
23.8.7 Remote Repositories	Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
23.8.8 Snapshots	Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
23.8.9 Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC	Various other commands and features of VC.
23.8.10 Customizing VC	Variables that change VC's behavior.
Using Multiple Buffers
24.1 Creating and Selecting Buffers	Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
24.2 Listing Existing Buffers	Getting a list of buffers that exist.
24.3 Miscellaneous Buffer Operations	Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
24.4 Killing Buffers	Killing buffers you no longer need.
24.5 Operating on Several Buffers	How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them.
24.6 Indirect Buffers	An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
24.7 Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling	Convenience and customization features for buffer handling.
Multiple Windows
25.1 Concepts of Emacs Windows	Introduction to Emacs windows.
25.2 Splitting Windows	New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
25.3 Using Other Windows	Moving to another window or doing something to it.
25.4 Displaying in Another Window	Finding a file or buffer in another window.
25.5 Forcing Display in the Same Window	Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected window rather than in another window.
25.6 Deleting and Rearranging Windows	Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
25.7 Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization	Convenience functions for window handling.
Frames and Graphical Displays
26.1 Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays	Mouse commands for cut and paste.
26.2 Following References with the Mouse	Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
26.3 Mouse Clicks for Menus	Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
26.4 Mode Line Mouse Commands	Mouse clicks on the mode line.
26.5 Creating Frames	Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
26.6 Frame Commands	Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
26.7 Speedbar Frames	How to make and use a speedbar frame.
26.8 Multiple Displays	How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
26.9 Special Buffer Frames	You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
26.10 Setting Frame Parameters	Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
26.11 Scroll Bars	How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
26.12 Scrolling With “Wheeled” Mice	Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
26.13 Drag and Drop	Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
26.14 Menu Bars	Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
26.15 Tool Bars	Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
26.16 Using Dialog Boxes	Controlling use of dialog boxes.
26.17 Tooltips	Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text.
26.18 Mouse Avoidance	Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
26.19 Non-Window Terminals	Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
26.20 Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators	Using the mouse in text-only terminals.
International Character Set Support
27.1 Introduction to International Character Sets	Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
27.2 Enabling Multibyte Characters	Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
27.3 Language Environments	Setting things up for the language you use.
27.4 Input Methods	Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
27.5 Selecting an Input Method	Specifying your choice of input methods.
27.6 Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters	How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
27.7 Coding Systems	Character set conversion when you read and write files, and so on.
27.8 Recognizing Coding Systems	How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
27.9 Specifying a File's Coding System	Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
27.10 Choosing Coding Systems for Output	Choosing coding systems for output.
27.11 Specifying a Coding System for File Text	Choosing conversion to use for file text.
27.12 Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication	Coding systems for interprocess communication.
27.13 Coding Systems for File Names	Coding systems for file names.
27.14 Coding Systems for Terminal I/O	Specifying coding systems for converting terminal input and output.
27.15 Fontsets	Fontsets are collections of fonts that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
27.16 Defining fontsets	Defining a new fontset.
27.17 Undisplayable Characters	When characters don't display.
27.18 Unibyte Editing Mode	You can pick one European character set to use without multibyte characters.
27.19 Charsets	How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
Major Modes
28.1 How Major Modes are Chosen	How major modes are specified or chosen.
Indentation
29.1 Indentation Commands and Techniques	Various commands and techniques for indentation.
29.2 Tab Stops	You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
29.3 Tabs vs. Spaces	You can request indentation using just spaces.
Commands for Human Languages
30.1 Words	Moving over and killing words.
30.2 Sentences	Moving over and killing sentences.
30.3 Paragraphs	Moving over paragraphs.
30.4 Pages	Moving over pages.
30.5 Filling Text	Filling or justifying text.
30.6 Case Conversion Commands	Changing the case of text.
30.7 Text Mode	The major modes for editing text files.
30.8 Outline Mode	Editing outlines.
30.9 TeX Mode	Editing input to the formatter TeX.
30.10 SGML, XML, and HTML Modes	Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files.
30.11 Nroff Mode	Editing input to the formatter nroff.
30.12 Editing Formatted Text	Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
30.13 Editing Text-based Tables	Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion.
Filling Text
30.5.1 Auto Fill Mode	Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
30.5.5 Refill Mode	Keeping paragraphs filled.
30.5.2 Explicit Fill Commands	Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
30.5.3 The Fill Prefix	Filling paragraphs that are indented or in a comment, etc.
30.5.4 Adaptive Filling	How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
30.5.6 Long Lines Mode	Editing text with very long lines.
Outline Mode
30.8.1 Format of Outlines	What the text of an outline looks like.
30.8.2 Outline Motion Commands	Special commands for moving through outlines.
30.8.3 Outline Visibility Commands	Commands to control what is visible.
30.8.4 Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views	Outlines and multiple views.
30.8.5 Folding Editing	Folding means zooming in on outlines.
TeX Mode
30.9.1 TeX Editing Commands	Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
30.9.2 LaTeX Editing Commands	Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
30.9.3 TeX Printing Commands	Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
30.9.4 TeX Mode Miscellany	Customization of TeX mode, and related features.
Editing Formatted Text
30.12.1 Requesting to Edit Formatted Text	Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
30.12.2 Hard and Soft Newlines	There are two different kinds of newlines.
30.12.3 Editing Format Information	How to edit text properties.
30.12.4 Faces in Formatted Text	Bold, italic, underline, etc.
30.12.5 Colors in Formatted Text	Changing the color of text.
30.12.6 Indentation in Formatted Text	Changing the left and right margins.
30.12.7 Justification in Formatted Text	Centering, setting text flush with the left or right margin, etc.
30.12.8 Setting Other Text Properties	The "special" text properties submenu.
30.12.9 Forcing Enriched Mode	How to force use of Enriched mode.
Editing Text-based Tables
30.13.1 What is a Text-based Table?	What is a text based table.
30.13.2 How to Create a Table?	How to create a table.
30.13.3 Table Recognition	How to activate and deactivate tables.
30.13.4 Commands for Table Cells	Cell-oriented commands in a table.
30.13.5 Cell Justification	Justifying cell contents.
30.13.6 Commands for Table Rows	Manipulating rows of table cell.
30.13.7 Commands for Table Columns	Manipulating columns of table cell.
30.13.8 Fix Width of Cells	Fixing cell width.
30.13.9 Conversion Between Plain Text and Tables	Converting between plain text and tables.
30.13.10 Analyzing Table Dimensions	Analyzing table dimension.
30.13.11 Table Miscellany	Table miscellany.
Editing Programs
31.1 Major Modes for Programming Languages	Major modes for editing programs.
31.2 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns	Commands to operate on major top-level parts of a program.
31.3 Indentation for Programs	Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
31.4 Commands for Editing with Parentheses	Commands that operate on parentheses.
31.5 Manipulating Comments	Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
31.6 Documentation Lookup	Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
31.7 Hideshow minor mode	Displaying blocks selectively.
31.8 Completion for Symbol Names	Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
31.9 Glasses minor mode	Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
31.10 Other Features Useful for Editing Programs	Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
31.11 C and Related Modes	Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Pike modes.
31.12 Asm Mode	Asm mode and its special features.
31.13 Fortran Mode	Fortran mode and its special features.
Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
31.2.1 Left Margin Convention	An open-paren or similar opening delimiter starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
31.2.2 Moving by Defuns	Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
31.2.3 Imenu	Making buffer indexes as menus.
31.2.4 Which Function Mode	Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
Indentation for Programs
31.3.1 Basic Program Indentation Commands	Indenting a single line.
31.3.2 Indenting Several Lines	Commands to reindent many lines at once.
31.3.3 Customizing Lisp Indentation	Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
31.3.4 Commands for C Indentation	Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
31.3.5 Customizing C Indentation	Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
Commands for Editing with Parentheses
31.4.1 Expressions with Balanced Parentheses	Expressions with balanced parentheses.
31.4.2 Moving in the Parenthesis Structure	Commands for moving up, down and across in the structure of parentheses.
31.4.3 Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses	Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
Manipulating Comments
31.5.1 Comment Commands	Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
31.5.2 Multiple Lines of Comments	Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
31.5.3 Options Controlling Comments	Customizing the comment features.
Documentation Lookup
31.6.1 Info Documentation Lookup	Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
31.6.2 Man Page Lookup	Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
31.6.3 Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup	Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
C and Related Modes
31.11.1 C Mode Motion Commands	Commands to move by C statements, etc.
31.11.2 Electric C Characters	Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
31.11.3 Hungry Delete Feature in C	A more powerful DEL command.
31.11.4 Other Commands for C Mode	Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, and other neat features.
Compiling and Testing Programs
32.1 Running Compilations under Emacs	Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
32.2 Compilation Mode	The mode for visiting compiler errors.
32.3 Subshells for Compilation	Customizing your shell properly for use in the compilation buffer.
32.4 Searching with Grep under Emacs	Searching with grep.
32.5 Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly	Finding syntax errors on the fly.
32.6 Running Debuggers Under Emacs	Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
32.7 Executing Lisp Expressions	Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
32.8 Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs	Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
32.9 Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions	Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
32.10 Lisp Interaction Buffers	Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
32.11 Running an External Lisp	Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
Running Debuggers Under Emacs
32.6.1 Starting GUD	How to start a debugger subprocess.
32.6.2 Debugger Operation	Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
32.6.3 Commands of GUD	Key bindings for common commands.
32.6.4 GUD Customization	Defining your own commands for GUD.
32.6.5 GDB Graphical Interface	An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to implement a graphical debugging environment through Emacs.
Maintaining Large Programs
33.1 Change Logs	Maintaining a change history for your program.
33.2 Format of ChangeLog	What the change log file looks like.
33.3 Tags Tables	Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
33.4 Merging Files with Emerge	A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
Tags Tables
33.3.1 Source File Tag Syntax	Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
33.3.2 Creating Tags Tables	Creating a tags table with `etags`.
33.3.3 Etags Regexps	Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
33.3.4 Selecting a Tags Table	How to visit a tags table.
33.3.5 Finding a Tag	Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
33.3.6 Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables	Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
33.3.7 Tags Table Inquiries	Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
Abbrevs
34.1 Abbrev Concepts	Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
34.2 Defining Abbrevs	Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
34.3 Controlling Abbrev Expansion	Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
34.4 Examining and Editing Abbrevs	Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
34.5 Saving Abbrevs	Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
34.6 Dynamic Abbrev Expansion	Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
34.7 Customizing Dynamic Abbreviation	What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
Editing Pictures
35.1 Basic Editing in Picture Mode	Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
35.2 Controlling Motion after Insert	Controlling direction of cursor motion after "self-inserting" characters.
35.3 Picture Mode Tabs	Various features for tab stops and indentation.
35.4 Picture Mode Rectangle Commands	Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
Sending Mail
36.1 The Format of the Mail Buffer	Format of the mail being composed.
36.2 Mail Header Fields	Details of permitted mail header fields.
36.3 Mail Aliases	Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
36.4 Mail Mode	Special commands for editing mail being composed.
36.5 Mail Amusements	Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
36.6 Mail-Composition Methods	Using alternative mail-composition methods.
Reading Mail with Rmail
37.1 Basic Concepts of Rmail	Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
37.2 Scrolling Within a Message	Scrolling through a message.
37.3 Moving Among Messages	Moving to another message.
37.4 Deleting Messages	Deleting and expunging messages.
37.5 Rmail Files and Inboxes	How mail gets into the Rmail file.
37.6 Multiple Rmail Files	Using multiple Rmail files.
37.7 Copying Messages Out to Files	Copying message out to files.
37.8 Labels	Classifying messages by labeling them.
37.9 Rmail Attributes	Certain standard labels, called attributes.
37.10 Sending Replies	Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
37.11 Summaries	Summaries show brief info on many messages.
37.12 Sorting the Rmail File	Sorting messages in Rmail.
37.13 Display of Messages	How Rmail displays a message; customization.
37.14 Rmail and Coding Systems	How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
37.15 Editing Within a Message	Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
37.16 Digest Messages	Extracting the messages from a digest message.
37.17 Converting an Rmail File to Inbox Format	Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
37.18 Reading Rot13 Messages	Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
37.19 `movemail` program	More details of fetching new mail.
37.20 Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes
37.21 Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in Various Formats
Dired, the Directory Editor
38.1 Entering Dired	How to invoke Dired.
38.2 Navigation in the Dired Buffer	How to move in the Dired buffer.
38.3 Deleting Files with Dired	Deleting files with Dired.
38.4 Flagging Many Files at Once	Flagging files based on their names.
38.5 Visiting Files in Dired	Other file operations through Dired.
38.6 Dired Marks vs. Flags	Flagging for deletion vs marking.
38.7 Operating on Files	How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. either one file or several files.
38.8 Shell Commands in Dired	Running a shell command on the marked files.
38.9 Transforming File Names in Dired	Using patterns to rename multiple files.
38.10 File Comparison with Dired	Running `diff' by way of Dired.
38.11 Subdirectories in Dired	Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
38.12 Subdirectory Switches in Dired	Subdirectory switches in Dired.
38.13 Moving Over Subdirectories	Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
38.14 Hiding Subdirectories	Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
38.15 Updating the Dired Buffer	Discarding lines for files of no interest.
38.16 Dired and `find`	Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
38.17 Editing the Dired Buffer	Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
38.18 Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired	Viewing image thumbnails in Dired
38.19 Other Dired Features	Various other features.
The Calendar and the Diary
39.1 Movement in the Calendar	Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
39.2 Scrolling in the Calendar	Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
39.3 Counting Days	How many days are there between two dates?
39.4 Miscellaneous Calendar Commands	Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
39.5 Writing Calendar Files	Writing calendars to files of various formats.
39.6 Holidays	Displaying dates of holidays.
39.7 Times of Sunrise and Sunset	Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
39.8 Phases of the Moon	Displaying phases of the moon.
39.9 Conversion To and From Other Calendars	Converting dates to other calendar systems.
39.10 The Diary	Displaying events from your diary.
39.11 Appointments	Reminders when it's time to do something.
39.12 Importing and Exporting Diary Entries	Converting diary events to/from other formats.
39.13 Daylight Saving Time	How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
39.14 Summing Time Intervals	Keeping track of time intervals.
39.15 Customizing the Calendar and Diary	Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
Movement in the Calendar
39.1.1 Motion by Standard Lengths of Time	Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
39.1.2 Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year	Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
39.1.3 Specified Dates	Moving to the current date or another specific date.
Conversion To and From Other Calendars
39.9.1 Supported Calendar Systems	The calendars Emacs understands (aside from Gregorian).
39.9.2 Converting To Other Calendars	Converting the selected date to various calendars.
39.9.3 Converting From Other Calendars	Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
39.9.4 Converting from the Mayan Calendar	Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
The Diary
39.10.1 Displaying the Diary	Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
39.10.2 The Diary File	Entering events in your diary.
39.10.3 Date Formats	Various ways you can specify dates.
39.10.4 Commands to Add to the Diary	Commands to create diary entries.
39.10.5 Special Diary Entries	Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
Gnus
40.1 Gnus Buffers	The group, summary, and article buffers.
40.2 When Gnus Starts Up	What you should know about starting Gnus.
40.3 Summary of Gnus Commands	A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
Running Shell Commands from Emacs
41.1 Single Shell Commands	How to run one shell command and return.
41.2 Interactive Inferior Shell	Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
41.3 Shell Mode	Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
41.4 Shell Prompts	Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
41.5 Shell Command History	Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
41.6 Directory Tracking	Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
41.7 Shell Mode Options	Options for customizing Shell mode.
41.8 Emacs Terminal Emulator	An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
41.9 Term Mode	Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
41.10 Page-At-A-Time Output	Paging in the terminal emulator.
41.11 Remote Host Shell	Connecting to another computer.
Using Emacs as a Server
42.1 Invoking `emacsclient`	Emacs client startup options.
Printing Hard Copies
44. PostScript Hardcopy	Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
45. Variables for PostScript Hardcopy	Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
46. Printing Package	An optional advanced printing interface.
Hyperlinking and Navigation Features
54.1 Following URLs
54.2 Activating URLs
54.3 Finding Files and URLs at Point	Finding files etc. at point.
Customization
57.1 Minor Modes	Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on independently of any others.
57.2 Easy Customization Interface	Convenient way to browse and change user options.
57.3 Variables	Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning.
57.4 Customizing Key Bindings	The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
57.5 The Syntax Table	The syntax table controls how words and expressions are parsed.
57.6 The Init File, ‘`~/.emacs`’	How to write common customizations in the ‘`.emacs`’ file.
Variables
57.3.1 Examining and Setting Variables	Examining or setting one variable's value.
57.3.2 Hooks	Hook variables let you specify programs for parts of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
57.3.3 Local Variables	Per-buffer values of variables.
57.3.4 Local Variables in Files	How files can specify variable values.
Customizing Key Bindings
57.4.1 Keymaps	Generalities. The global keymap.
57.4.2 Prefix Keymaps	Keymaps for prefix keys.
57.4.3 Local Keymaps	Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
57.4.4 Minibuffer Keymaps	The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
57.4.5 Changing Key Bindings Interactively	How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
57.4.6 Rebinding Keys in Your Init File	Rebinding keys with your init file, ‘`.emacs`’.
57.4.7 Rebinding Function Keys	Rebinding terminal function keys.
57.4.8 Named ASCII Control Characters	Distinguishing <TAB> from `C-i`, and so on.
57.4.9 Rebinding Mouse Buttons	Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
57.4.10 Disabling Commands	Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises.
The Init File, ‘`~/.emacs`’
57.6.1 Init File Syntax	Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
57.6.2 Init File Examples	How to do some things with an init file.
57.6.3 Terminal-specific Initialization	Each terminal type can have an init file.
57.6.4 How Emacs Finds Your Init File	How Emacs finds the init file.
57.6.5 Non-ASCII Characters in Init Files	Using non-ASCII characters in an init file.
Dealing with Emacs Trouble
59.1 If <DEL> Fails to Delete	What to do if <DEL> doesn't delete.
59.2 Recursive Editing Levels	`[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
59.3 Garbage on the Screen	Garbage on the screen.
59.4 Garbage in the Text	Garbage in the text.
59.5 Running out of Memory	How to cope when you run out of memory.
59.6 Recovery After a Crash	Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
59.7 Emergency Escape	Emergency escape— What to do if Emacs stops responding.
59.8 Help for Total Frustration	When you are at your wits' end.
Reporting Bugs
60.1 When Is There a Bug	Have you really found a bug?
60.2 Understanding Bug Reporting	How to report a bug effectively.
60.3 Checklist for Bug Reports	Steps to follow for a good bug report.
60.4 Sending Patches for GNU Emacs	How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
C.1 Action Arguments	Arguments to visit files, load libraries, and call functions.
C.2 Initial Options	Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
C.3 Command Argument Example	Examples of using command line arguments.
C.4 Resuming Emacs with Arguments	Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
C.5 Environment Variables	Environment variables that Emacs uses.
C.6 Specifying the Display Name	Changing the default display and using remote login.
C.7 Font Specification Options	Choosing a font for text, under X.
C.8 Window Color Options	Choosing display colors.
C.9 Options for Window Size and Position	Start-up window size, under X.
C.10 Internal and External Borders	Internal and external borders, under X.
C.11 Frame Titles	Specifying the initial frame's title.
C.12 Icons	Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
C.13 Other Display Options	Other display options.
Environment Variables
C.5.1 General Variables	Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
C.5.2 Miscellaneous Variables	Certain system specific variables.
C.5.3 The MS-Windows System Registry	An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
X Options and Resources
D.1 X Resources	Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
D.2 Table of X Resources for Emacs	Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
D.3 X Resources for Faces	X resources for customizing faces.
D.4 Lucid Menu X Resources	X resources for Lucid menus.
D.5 LessTif Menu X Resources	X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
D.6 GTK resources	Resources for GTK widgets.
Emacs and Mac OS
F.1 Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac	Keyboard and mouse input on Mac.
F.2 International Character Set Support on Mac	International character sets on Mac.
F.3 Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments.	Setting environment variables for Emacs.
F.4 Volumes and Directories on Mac	Volumes and directories on Mac.
F.5 Specifying Fonts on Mac	Specifying fonts on Mac.
F.6 Mac-Specific Lisp Functions	Mac-specific Lisp functions.
Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS
G.1 Text Files and Binary Files	Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
G.2 File Names on MS-Windows	File-name conventions on Windows.
G.3 Emulation of `ls` on MS-Windows	Emulation of `ls` for Dired.
G.4 HOME Directory on MS-Windows	Where Emacs looks for your ‘`.emacs`’.
G.5 Keyboard Usage on MS-Windows	Windows-specific keyboard features.
G.6 Mouse Usage on MS-Windows	Windows-specific mouse features.
G.7 Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP	Running subprocesses on Windows.
G.8 Printing and MS-Windows	How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
G.9 Miscellaneous Windows-specific features	Miscellaneous Windows features.
G.10 Emacs and MS-DOS	Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as MS-DOG).

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