| 1 Introduction |
2 Tutorial Introduction to tar |
3 Invoking GNU tar |
4 GNU tar Operations |
| 5 Performing Backups and Restoring Files |
6 Choosing Files and Names for tar |
| 7 Date input formats |
| 8 Controlling the Archive Format |
| 9 Tapes and Other Archive Media |
| 10 Reliability and Security |
Appendices
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| Appendix A Changes |
| Appendix B Recipes | Frequently used tar recipes
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| Appendix C Configuring Help Summary |
| Appendix D Fixing Snapshot Files |
| Appendix E Tar Internals |
| Appendix F Genfile |
| Appendix G GNU Free Documentation License |
| Appendix H Index of Command Line Options |
| Appendix I Index |
— The Detailed Node Listing —
Introduction
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| 1.1 What this Book Contains |
| 1.2 Some Definitions |
1.3 What tar Does |
1.4 How tar Archives are Named |
1.5 GNU tar Authors |
| 1.6 Reporting bugs or suggestions |
Tutorial Introduction to tar
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| 2.1 Assumptions this Tutorial Makes |
| 2.2 Stylistic Conventions |
2.3 Basic tar Operations and Options |
| 2.4 The Three Most Frequently Used Operations |
| 2.5 Two Frequently Used Options |
| 2.6 How to Create Archives |
| 2.7 How to List Archives |
| 2.8 How to Extract Members from an Archive |
| 2.9 Going Further Ahead in this Manual |
Two Frequently Used Options
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| The ‘--file’ Option |
| The ‘--verbose’ Option |
| Getting Help: Using the ‘--help’ Option |
How to Create Archives
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| 2.6.1 Preparing a Practice Directory for Examples |
| 2.6.2 Creating the Archive |
| 2.6.3 Running ‘--create’ with ‘--verbose’ |
| 2.6.4 Short Forms with ‘create’ |
| 2.6.5 Archiving Directories |
How to List Archives
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| Listing the Contents of a Stored Directory |
How to Extract Members from an Archive
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| 2.8.1 Extracting an Entire Archive |
| 2.8.2 Extracting Specific Files |
| 2.8.3 Extracting Files that are Directories |
| 2.8.4 Extracting Archives from Untrusted Sources |
| 2.8.5 Commands That Will Fail |
Invoking GNU tar
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3.1 General Synopsis of tar |
3.2 Using tar Options |
| 3.3 The Three Option Styles |
3.4 All tar Options |
3.5 GNU tar documentation | Where to Get Help.
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3.6 Obtaining GNU tar default values | What are the Default Values.
|
3.7 Checking tar progress |
| 3.8 Checkpoints |
| 3.9 Controlling Warning Messages |
| 3.10 Asking for Confirmation During Operations |
| 3.11 Running External Commands |
The Three Option Styles
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| 3.3.1 Long Option Style |
| 3.3.2 Short Option Style |
| 3.3.3 Old Option Style |
| 3.3.4 Mixing Option Styles |
All tar Options
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| 3.4.1 Operations |
3.4.2 tar Options |
| 3.4.3 Short Options Cross Reference |
| 3.4.4 Position-Sensitive Options |
Controlling Warning Messages
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3.9.1 Keywords controlling tar operation | Keywords applicable for tar --create.
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3.9.2 Keywords applicable for tar --create |
3.9.3 Keywords applicable for tar --extract |
| 3.9.4 Keywords controlling incremental extraction |
| 3.9.5 Warning Classes | Convenience keywords control multiple warnings.
|
| 3.9.6 Default Warning Settings | Default settings for warnings.
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GNU tar Operations
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4.1 Basic GNU tar Operations |
4.2 Advanced GNU tar Operations |
| 4.3 Options Used by ‘--create’ |
| 4.4 Options Used by ‘--extract’ |
| 4.5 Backup options |
| 4.6 Looking Ahead: The Rest of this Manual |
Advanced GNU tar Operations
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4.2.1 The Five Advanced tar Operations |
| 4.2.2 How to Add Files to Existing Archives: ‘--append’ |
| 4.2.3 Updating an Archive |
| 4.2.4 Combining Archives with ‘--concatenate’ |
| 4.2.5 Removing Archive Members Using ‘--delete’ |
| 4.2.6 Comparing Archive Members with the File System |
How to Add Files to Existing Archives: ‘--append’
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| 4.2.2.1 Appending Files to an Archive |
| 4.2.2.2 Multiple Members with the Same Name |
Updating an Archive
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| 4.2.3.1 How to Update an Archive Using ‘--update’ |
Options Used by ‘--create’
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| 4.3.1 Overriding File Metadata |
| 4.3.2 Extended File Attributes |
| 4.3.3 Ignore Failed Read |
Options Used by ‘--extract’
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| 4.4.1 Options to Help Read Archives |
4.4.2 Changing How tar Writes Files |
| 4.4.3 Coping with Scarce Resources |
Options to Help Read Archives
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| Reading Full Records |
| Ignoring Blocks of Zeros |
Changing How tar Writes Files
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| Options Controlling the Overwriting of Existing Files |
| Overwrite Old Files |
| Keep Old Files |
| Keep Newer Files |
| Unlink First |
| Recursive Unlink |
| Setting Data Modification Times |
| Setting Access Permissions |
| Directory Modification Times and Permissions |
| Writing to Standard Output |
| Writing to an External Program |
| Removing Files |
Coping with Scarce Resources
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| Starting File |
| Same Order |
Performing Backups and Restoring Files
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5.1 Using tar to Perform Full Dumps |
5.2 Using tar to Perform Incremental Dumps |
| 5.3 Levels of Backups |
| 5.4 Setting Parameters for Backups and Restoration |
| 5.5 Using the Backup Scripts |
| 5.6 Using the Restore Script |
Setting Parameters for Backups and Restoration
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| 5.4.1 General-Purpose Variables |
| 5.4.2 Magnetic Tape Control |
| 5.4.3 User Hooks |
| 5.4.4 An Example Text of ‘Backup-specs’ |
Choosing Files and Names for tar
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| 6.1 Choosing and Naming Archive Files | Choosing the Archive’s Name
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| 6.2 Selecting Archive Members |
| 6.3 Reading Names from a File |
| 6.4 Excluding Some Files |
| 6.5 Wildcards Patterns and Matching |
| 6.6 Quoting Member Names | Ways of Quoting Special Characters in Names
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| 6.7 Modifying File and Member Names |
| 6.8 Operating Only on New Files |
| 6.9 Descending into Directories |
| 6.10 Crossing File System Boundaries |
Reading Names from a File
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6.3.1 NUL-Terminated File Names |
Excluding Some Files
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Problems with Using the exclude Options |
Wildcards Patterns and Matching
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| Controlling Pattern-Matching |
Crossing File System Boundaries
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| 6.10.1 Changing the Working Directory | Changing Directory
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| 6.10.2 Absolute File Names |
Date input formats
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| 7.1 General date syntax | Common rules
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| 7.2 Calendar date items | 21 Jul 2020
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| 7.3 Time of day items | 9:20pm
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| 7.4 Time zone items | UTC, -0700, +0900, …
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| 7.5 Combined date and time of day items | 2020年07月21日T20:02:00,000000-0400
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| 7.6 Day of week items | Monday and others
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| 7.7 Relative items in date strings | next tuesday, 2 years ago
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| 7.8 Pure numbers in date strings | 20200721, 1440
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| 7.9 Seconds since the Epoch | @1595289600
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| 7.10 Specifying time zone rules | TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0"
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7.11 Authors of parse_datetime | Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.
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Controlling the Archive Format
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| 8.1 Using Less Space through Compression |
| 8.2 Handling File Attributes |
8.3 Making tar Archives More Portable |
8.4 Making tar Archives More Reproducible |
8.5 Comparison of tar and cpio |
Using Less Space through Compression
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| 8.1.1 Creating and Reading Compressed Archives |
| 8.1.2 Archiving Sparse Files |
Creating and Reading Compressed Archives
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8.1.1.1 Using lbzip2 with GNU tar. |
Making tar Archives More Portable
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| 8.3.1 Portable Names |
| 8.3.2 Symbolic Links |
| 8.3.3 Hard Links |
| 8.3.4 Old V7 Archives |
| 8.3.5 Ustar Archive Format | Ustar Archives
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8.3.6 GNU and old GNU tar format | GNU and old GNU format archives.
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8.3.7 GNU tar and POSIX tar | POSIX archives
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| 8.3.8 Checksumming Problems |
| 8.3.9 Large or Negative Values | Large files, negative time stamps, etc.
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8.3.10 How to Extract GNU-Specific Data Using Other tar Implementations |
GNU tar and POSIX tar
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| 8.3.7.1 Controlling Extended Header Keywords |
How to Extract GNU-Specific Data Using Other tar Implementations
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| 8.3.10.1 Extracting Members Split Between Volumes | Members Split Between Volumes
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| 8.3.10.2 Extracting Sparse Members | Sparse Members
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Tapes and Other Archive Media
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| 9.1 Device Selection and Switching | Device selection and switching
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| 9.2 Remote Tape Server |
| 9.3 Some Common Problems and their Solutions |
| 9.4 Blocking |
| 9.5 Many Archives on One Tape | Many archives on one tape
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| 9.6 Using Multiple Tapes |
| 9.7 Including a Label in the Archive |
| 9.8 Verifying Data as It is Stored |
| 9.9 Write Protection |
Blocking
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| 9.4.1 Format Variations |
| 9.4.2 The Blocking Factor of an Archive |
Many Archives on One Tape
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| 9.5.1 Tape Positions and Tape Marks |
9.5.2 The mt Utility |
Using Multiple Tapes
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| 9.6.1 Archives Longer than One Tape or Disk |
| 9.6.2 Tape Files |
| 9.6.3 Concatenate Volumes into a Single Archive |
Reliability and Security
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| 10.1 Reliability |
| 10.2 Security |
Reliability
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| 10.1.1 Permissions Problems |
| 10.1.2 Data Corruption and Repair |
| 10.1.3 Race conditions |
Security
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| 10.2.1 Privacy |
| 10.2.2 Integrity |
| 10.2.3 Dealing with Live Untrusted Data |
| 10.2.4 Security Rules of Thumb |
Recipes
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| B.1 Copying directory hierarchies |
| B.2 Restoring Intermediate Directories |
Tar Internals
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| Basic Tar Format |
| GNU Extensions to the Archive Format |
| Storing Sparse Files |
| Format of the Incremental Snapshot Files |
| Dumpdir |
Storing Sparse Files
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| E.0.1 Old GNU Format |
| E.0.2 PAX Format, Versions 0.0 and 0.1 |
| E.0.3 PAX Format, Version 1.0 |
Genfile
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| F.1 Generate Mode | File Generation Mode.
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| F.2 Status Mode | File Status Mode.
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| F.4 Exec Mode | Synchronous Execution mode.
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Copying This Manual
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| Appendix G GNU Free Documentation License | License for copying this manual.
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