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9780521529273

Astronomy: A Physical Perspective

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780521529273

  • ISBN10:

    0521529271

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2003年08月04日
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
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Summary

This fully revised and updated text is a comprehensive introduction to astronomical objects and phenomena. By applying some basic physical principles to a variety of situations, students will learn how to relate everyday physics to the astronomical world. Starting with the simplest objects, the text contains explanations of how and why astronomical phenomena occur, and how astronomers collect and interpret information about stars, galaxies and the solar system. The text looks at the properties of stars, star formation and evolution; neutron stars and black holes; the nature of galaxies; and the structure of the universe. It examines the past, present and future states of the universe; and final chapters use the concepts that have been developed to study the solar system, its formation; the possibility of finding other planetary systems; and the search for extraterrestrial life. This comprehensive text contains useful equations, chapter summaries, worked examples and end-of-chapter problem sets.

Table of Contents

List of abbreviations used in the figure credits
xv
Preface xvii
Introduction
1 (6)
An understandable universe
1 (2)
The scale of the universe
3 (4)
Part I Properties of ordinary stars
7 (116)
Continuous radiation from stars
9 (16)
Brightness of starlight
9 (1)
The electromagnetic spectrum
10 (2)
Colors of stars
12 (3)
Quantifying color
12 (1)
Blackbodies
13 (2)
Planck's law and photons
15 (2)
Planck's law
15 (1)
Photons
16 (1)
Stellar colors
17 (1)
Stellar distances
18 (2)
Absolute magnitudes
20 (5)
Chapter summary
21 (1)
Questions
21 (1)
Problems
22 (1)
Computer problems
23 (2)
Spectral lines in stars
25 (16)
Spectral lines
25 (1)
Spectral types
26 (1)
The origin of spectral lines
27 (5)
The Bohr atom
28 (3)
Quantum mechanics
31 (1)
Formation of spectral lines
32 (4)
Excitation
32 (1)
Ionization
33 (1)
Intensities of spectral lines
34 (2)
The Hertzprung-Russell diagram
36 (5)
Chapter summary
38 (1)
Questions
39 (1)
Problems
39 (1)
Computer problems
40 (1)
Telescopes
41 (42)
What a telescope does
41 (4)
Light gathering
41 (1)
Angular resolution
42 (1)
Image formation in a camera
43 (2)
Refracting telescopes
45 (1)
Reflecting telescopes
46 (7)
Observatories
53 (5)
Ground-based observing
53 (3)
Observations from space
56 (2)
Data handling
58 (4)
Detection
58 (2)
Spectroscopy
60 (2)
Observing in the ultraviolet
62 (1)
Observing in the infrared
63 (5)
Radio astronomy
68 (7)
High energy astronomy
75 (8)
Chapter summary
78 (1)
Questions
78 (1)
Problems
79 (2)
Computer problems
81 (2)
Binary stars and stellar masses
83 (18)
Binary stars
83 (1)
Doppler shift
84 (3)
Moving sources and observers
84 (2)
Circular orbits
86 (1)
Binary stars and circular orbits
87 (4)
Elliptical orbits
91 (3)
Geometry of ellipses
91 (1)
Angular momentum in elliptical orbits
91 (2)
Energy in elliptical orbits
93 (1)
Observing elliptical orbits
93 (1)
Stellar masses
94 (2)
Stellar sizes
96 (5)
Chapter summary
97 (1)
Questions
98 (1)
Problems
99 (1)
Computer problems
100 (1)
The Sun: a typical star
101 (22)
Basic structure
101 (1)
Elements of radiation transport theory
101 (4)
The photosphere
105 (4)
Appearance of the photosphere
105 (2)
Temperature distribution
107 (1)
Doppler broadening of spectral lines
108 (1)
The chromosphere
109 (1)
The corona
110 (3)
Parts of the corona
110 (2)
Temperature of the corona
112 (1)
Solar activity
113 (10)
Sunspots
113 (3)
Other activity
116 (3)
Chapter summary
119 (1)
Questions
119 (1)
Problems
120 (1)
Computer problems
121 (2)
Part II Relativity
123 (32)
Special relativity
125 (14)
Foundations of special relativity
125 (3)
Problems with electromagnetic radiation
125 (2)
Problems with simultaneity
127 (1)
Time dilation
128 (1)
Length contraction
129 (2)
The Doppler shift
131 (1)
Moving source
131 (1)
Moving observer
131 (1)
General result
132 (1)
Space-time
132 (7)
Four-vectors and Lorentz transformation
132 (3)
Energy and momentum
135 (1)
Chapter summary
136 (1)
Questions
136 (1)
Problems
137 (1)
Computer problems
137 (2)
General relativity
139 (16)
Curved space-time
139 (2)
Principle of equivalence
141 (2)
Tests of general relativity
143 (5)
Orbiting bodies
143 (1)
Bending electromagnetic radiation
144 (1)
Gravitational redshift
145 (2)
Gravitational radiation
147 (1)
Competing theories
148 (1)
Black holes
148 (7)
The Schwarzschild radius
148 (1)
Approaching a black hole
149 (1)
Stellar black holes
150 (1)
Non-stellar black holes
151 (1)
Chapter summary
152 (1)
Questions
152 (1)
Problems
152 (1)
Computer problems
153 (2)
Part III Stellar evolution
155 (80)
The main sequence
157 (20)
Stellar energy sources
157 (2)
Gravitational potential energy of a sphere
157 (1)
Gravitational lifetime for a star
158 (1)
Other energy sources
158 (1)
Nuclear physics
159 (5)
Nuclear building blocks
159 (1)
Binding energy
160 (1)
Nuclear reactions
161 (1)
Overcoming the fusion barrier
162 (2)
Nuclear energy for stars
164 (4)
Stellar structure
168 (3)
Hydrostatic equilibrium
168 (2)
Energy transport
170 (1)
Stellar models
171 (1)
Solar neutrinos
172 (5)
Chapter summary
175 (1)
Questions
175 (1)
Problems
176 (1)
Chapter problems
176 (1)
Stellar old age
177 (16)
Evolution off the main sequence
177 (2)
Low mass stars
177 (2)
High mass stars
179 (1)
Cepheid variables
179 (4)
Variable stars
179 (1)
Cepheid mechanism
180 (1)
Period-luminosity relation
181 (2)
Planetary nebulae
183 (3)
White dwarfs
186 (7)
Electron degeneracy
186 (2)
Properties of white dwarfs
188 (1)
Relativistic effects
189 (1)
Chapter summary
190 (1)
Questions
190 (1)
Problems
190 (1)
Computer problems
191 (2)
The death of high mass stars
193 (16)
Supernovae
193 (4)
Core evolution of high mass stars
193 (1)
Supernova remnants
194 (3)
Neutron stars
197 (2)
Neutron degeneracy pressure
197 (1)
Rotation of neutron stars
198 (1)
Magnetic fields of neutron stars
199 (1)
Pulsars
199 (6)
Discovery
199 (2)
What are pulsars?
201 (2)
Period changes
203 (2)
Pulsars as probes of interstellar space
205 (1)
Stellar black holes
206 (3)
Chapter summary
206 (1)
Questions
206 (1)
Problems
207 (1)
Computer problem
208 (1)
Evolution in close binaries
209 (12)
Close binaries
209 (2)
Systems with white dwarfs
211 (2)
Neutron stars in close binary systems
213 (3)
Systems with black holes
216 (2)
An unusual object: SS433
218 (3)
Chapter summary
219 (1)
Questions
220 (1)
Problems
220 (1)
Computer problems
220 (1)
Clusters of stars
221 (14)
Types of clusters
221 (1)
Distances to moving clusters
221 (4)
Clusters as dynamical entities
225 (6)
The virial theorem
225 (2)
Energies
227 (1)
Relaxation time
228 (1)
Virial masses for clusters
229 (2)
HR diagrams for clusters
231 (1)
The concept of populations
232 (3)
Chapter summary
233 (1)
Questions
233 (1)
Problems
233 (1)
Computer problem
234 (1)
Part IV The Milky Way
235 (78)
Contents of the interstellar medium
237 (26)
Overview
237 (1)
Interstellar extinction
237 (6)
The effect of extinction
238 (1)
Star counting
239 (1)
Reddening
240 (1)
Extinction curves
241 (1)
Polarization
242 (1)
Scattering vs. absorption
242 (1)
Physics of dust grains
243 (3)
Size and shape
243 (1)
Composition
243 (1)
Electric charge
244 (1)
Temperature
245 (1)
Evolution
246 (1)
Interstellar gas
246 (5)
Optical and ultraviolet studies
246 (1)
Radio studies of atomic hydrogen
247 (4)
Interstellar molecules
251 (7)
Discovery
251 (2)
Interstellar chemistry
253 (1)
Observing interstellar molecules
254 (4)
Thermodynamics of the interstellar medium
258 (5)
Chapter summary
259 (1)
Questions
260 (1)
Problems
261 (1)
Computer problems
262 (1)
Star formation
263 (30)
Gravitational binding
263 (3)
Problems in star formation
266 (1)
Molecular clouds and star formation
267 (3)
Magnetic effects and star formation
270 (2)
Protostars
272 (2)
Luminosity of collapsing clouds
272 (1)
Evolutionary tracks for protostars
273 (1)
Regions of recent star formation
274 (13)
Hill regions
274 (6)
Masers
280 (2)
Energetic flows
282 (3)
T Tauri stars and related objects
285 (2)
Picture of a star forming region: Orion
287 (6)
Chapter summary
289 (1)
Questions
290 (1)
Problems
291 (1)
Computer problems
292 (1)
The Milky Way galaxy
293 (20)
Overview
293 (1)
Differential galactic rotation
294 (6)
Rotation and mass distribution
294 (2)
Rotation curve and Doppler shift
296 (4)
Determination of the rotation curve
300 (2)
Average gas distribution
302 (2)
Spiral structure in the Milky Way
304 (2)
Optical tracers of spiral structure
304 (1)
Radio tracers of spiral structure
304 (2)
The galactic center
306 (7)
Distribution of material near the center
306 (2)
A massive black hole?
308 (2)
Chapter summary
310 (1)
Questions
311 (1)
Problems
311 (1)
Computer problems
312 (1)
Part V The universe at large
313 (114)
Normal galaxies
315 (20)
Types of galaxies
315 (7)
Elliptical galaxies
315 (2)
Spiral galaxies
317 (4)
Other types of galaxies
321 (1)
Star formation in galaxies
322 (4)
Star formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud
323 (1)
Star formation in spiral galaxies
324 (2)
Explanations of spiral structure
326 (4)
Dark matter in galaxies
330 (5)
Chapter summary
333 (1)
Questions
333 (1)
Problems
334 (1)
Computer problems
334 (1)
Clusters of galaxies
335 (18)
Distribution of galaxies
335 (1)
Cluster dynamics
335 (4)
Expansion of the universe
339 (6)
Hubble's law
339 (2)
Determining the Hubble constant
341 (4)
Superclusters and voids
345 (2)
Where did all this structure come from?
347 (2)
The Hubble Deep Field
349 (4)
Chapter summary
350 (1)
Questions
351 (1)
Problems
351 (2)
Active galaxies
353 (24)
Starburst galaxies
353 (2)
Radio galaxies
355 (6)
Properties of radio galaxies
355 (2)
Model for radio galaxies
357 (2)
The problem of superluminal expansion
359 (2)
Seyfert galaxies
361 (1)
Quasars
362 (6)
Discovery of quasars
362 (3)
Properties of quasars
365 (1)
Energy-redshift problem
366 (2)
Gravitationally lensed quasars
368 (2)
A unified picture of active galaxies?
370 (7)
A common picture
370 (1)
Black holes in galactic nuclei?
371 (2)
Chapter summary
373 (1)
Questions
374 (1)
Problems
374 (1)
Computer problems
375 (2)
Cosmology
377 (18)
The scale of the universe
377 (1)
Expansion of the universe
378 (3)
Olbers's paradox
378 (2)
Keeping track of expansion
380 (1)
Cosmology and Newtonian gravitation
381 (3)
Cosmology and general relativity
384 (6)
Geometry of the universe
384 (2)
Cosmological redshift
386 (2)
Models of the universe
388 (2)
Is the universe open or closed?
390 (5)
Chapter summary
392 (1)
Questions
393 (1)
Problems
394 (1)
Computer problems
394 (1)
The big bang
395 (32)
The cosmic background radiation
395 (12)
Origin of the cosmic background radiation
395 (3)
Observations of the cosmic background radiation
398 (3)
Isotropy of the cosmic background radiation
401 (6)
Big-bang nucleosynthesis
407 (3)
Fundamental particles and forces
410 (7)
Fundamental particles
410 (1)
Fundamental forces
411 (1)
The role of symmetries
412 (1)
Color
413 (3)
The unification of forces
416 (1)
Merging of physics of the big and small
417 (10)
Back to the earliest times
417 (2)
Inflation
419 (1)
Galaxy formation
420 (1)
Estimates of values of cosmological parameters
420 (2)
Chapter summary
422 (1)
Questions
423 (1)
Problems
424 (1)
Computer problems
425 (2)
Part VI The Solar System
427 (124)
Overview of the Solar System
429 (18)
Motions of the planets
430 (5)
The motion of the Moon
435 (3)
Studying the Solar System
438 (1)
Traveling through the Solar System
439 (8)
Chapter summary
443 (1)
Questions
444 (1)
Problems
444 (1)
Computer problems
445 (2)
The Earth and the Moon
447 (32)
History of the Earth
447 (5)
Early history
447 (1)
Radioactive dating
448 (2)
Plate tectonics
450 (2)
Temperature of a planet
452 (2)
The atmosphere
454 (11)
Pressure distribution
455 (2)
Temperature distribution
457 (5)
Retention of an atmosphere
462 (1)
General circulation
463 (2)
The magnetosphere
465 (2)
Tides
467 (2)
The Moon
469 (10)
The lunar surface
470 (3)
The lunar interior
473 (1)
Lunar origin
474 (1)
Chapter summary
475 (1)
Questions
476 (1)
Problems
477 (1)
Computer problems
478 (1)
The inner planets
479 (18)
Basic features
479 (4)
Mercury
479 (1)
Venus
479 (1)
Mars
480 (1)
Radar mapping of planets
481 (2)
Surfaces
483 (7)
Interiors
490 (1)
Basic considerations
490 (1)
Results
491 (1)
Atmospheres
491 (3)
Moons
494 (3)
Chapter summary
494 (1)
Questions
495 (1)
Problems
495 (1)
Computer problems
496 (1)
The outer planets
497 (26)
Basic features
497 (3)
Atmospheres
500 (6)
Interiors
506 (1)
Rings
506 (6)
Basic properties
507 (2)
Ring dynamics
509 (3)
Moons
512 (11)
Chapter summary
519 (1)
Questions
520 (1)
Problems
520 (1)
Computer problem
521 (2)
Minor bodies in the Solar System
523 (14)
Pluto
523 (1)
Comets
524 (6)
Meteoroids
530 (2)
Asteroids
532 (5)
Chapter summary
534 (1)
Questions
534 (1)
Problems
535 (1)
Computer problem
535 (2)
The origin of life
537 (14)
Origin of the Solar System
537 (3)
Chemistry on the early Earth
540 (1)
Origin of life on Earth
541 (2)
Life in the rest of the Solar System?
543 (1)
Other planetary systems?
544 (3)
Searches for extraterrestrial intelligence
547 (4)
Chapter summary
549 (1)
Questions
550 (1)
Problems
550 (1)
Computer problems
550 (1)
Appendix A Glossary of symbols 551 (2)
Appendix B Physical and astronomical constants 553 (1)
Appendix C Units and conversions 554 (1)
Appendix D Planet and satellite properties 555 (3)
Appendix E Properties of main sequence stars 558 (1)
Appendix F Astronomical coordinates and timekeeping 559 (3)
Appendix G Abundances of the elements 562 (3)
Index 565

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