Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the rapidly growing chronic diseases worldwide, is closely associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, as a core pathophysiological mechanism of T2D, disrupts metabolic homeostasis through the increased production of inflammatory cytokines, decreased adiponectin levels, and impaired insulin signaling pathways. This review systematically examined how changes in body fat distribution affect blood glucose regulation depending on the degree of insulin resistance. Specifically, it analyzed the physiological mechanisms and regulatory mediators of insulin resistance. It compared the effects of fat distribution and changes-particularly those related to visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-on glycemic control. Visceral fat accumulation was found to exacerbate insulin resistance, whereas BAT activation showed a beneficial effect on glucose regulation. Additionally, this study identified key functional ingredients for reducing body fat and controlling blood glucose levels, based on market trends and consumer demand. These included Garcinia cambogia, Coleus forskohlii, banaba leaf extract, and indigestible maltodextrin, all of which were reviewed for their physiological mechanisms and potential applicability in enhancing human health. This review contributes foundational insights for developing personalized blood glucose management strategies based on differences in fat distribution and insulin sensitivity. It proposes the need for long-term clinical studies and the development of functional ingredient-based health programs.Key words : insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, adipose tissue, blood glucose regulation, functional ingredients
Garlic sprouts offer diverse possibilities in the realm of functional and food processing materials. This study evaluated the quality characteristics of garlic sprouts by examining the components that change the germination process. The primary components of the leaves, bulbs, and roots were systematically compared at two-day intervals for 14 days. The alliin content in the stem part of garlic sprouts was approximately 56% higher than that of the garlic before sowing. The S-allyl cysteine content of the stems and roots increased approximately two-fold. Twenty-seven types of free amino acids were identified. In particular, the γ-aminobutyric acid content increased up to twice its original level. The total phenolic compounds experienced a significant increase, reaching approximately 81% and 75% in the stems and roots, respectively. A water extract from garlic sprouts effectively reduced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production compared to pre-sowing garlic at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. The increased active ingredients in garlic sprouts suggest potential utility in functional and food processing applications.Key words : garlic sprouts, alliin, SAC, GABA, antioxidant
Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin) is a fruit rich in vitamins, flavonoids, and carotenoids, predominantly cultivated in Korea. Jeju Island accounts for about 97% of mandarin production and nearly 30% of total domestic fruit production. During the flower-thinning process for quality control and price stabilization, large quantities of C. unshiu flowers are discarded, despite their potential as a source of functional materials. This study evaluated the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, muscle-protective, and antihypertensive activities of C. unshiu flower extract (CFE). The CFE showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL across the tested cell lines. In HepG2 cells, tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress reduced cell viability to 35.71%. However, the CFE treatment significantly increased the viability up to 107.56%. Glucose consumption and glycogen content in hepatocytes increased dose-dependently, indicating the antidiabetic potential of CFE. In C2C12 myoblasts, H2O2-induced oxidative stress decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. Treatment with CFE reversed these effects and elevated glutathione levels, suggesting a protective effect against muscle damage. In EA.hy926 cells, CFE improved cell viability under oxidative stress, enhanced nitric oxide production, and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α expression. These results indicate that CFE may have antihypertensive properties. Taken together, these findings suggest that CFE exerts diverse biological activities and may serve as a promising functional material.Key words : Citrus unshiu flower, hepatoprotective effects, anti-diabetes, muscle protective effects, anti-hypertension
This study aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method for the quantification of vitamin B6 vitamers-pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine (PM). It also sought to evaluate the retention and compositional changes in Korean leafy vegetables consumed after being subjected to different cooking methods (boiling, blanching, and steaming). The analytical method exhibited high specificity, linearity, accuracy (recovery 99.2∼102.8%), and precision (intra-day relative standard deviation, RSDr 2.5∼4.0% and inter-day RSDR 3.3∼8.3%), in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists validation criteria. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.006∼0.011 μg/100 g and 0.017∼0.029 μg/100 g, indicating its suitability for trace-level analysis. All B6 vitamers decreased significantly after cooking, with boiling and blanching causing the most loss due to thermal degradation and leaching. Steaming was the most effective method of retaining vitamin B6, particularly PM, which showed the highest retention (up to 78.7%). In contrast, PN was the most unstable and often undetectable post-cooking. Cooking also altered the relative distribution of B6 vitamers, with PN being predominant in raw vegetables and PM becoming dominant after thermal processing, reflecting its superior thermal and oxidative stability. The findings contribute to the improvement of the Korean Food Composition Table with high reliability, and support strategies for the development of plant-based diets optimized for the retention of vitamin B6.Key words : Namul, vitamin B6 vitamers, cooking retention, method validation, database
This study evaluated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of lotus root powder and lotus root patty dough according to the heat treatment methods used, including blanching and steaming. The heat treatment significantly reduced the total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity compared to the non-heated control. However, the total phenolic content did not differ significantly between the two heat treatment methods. The DPPH radical scavenging was significantly higher in the steamed lotus root (35.81±1.81%) than in the blanched lotus root (16.41±0.80%), and tannic acid content was also higher in the steamed lotus root (2.74±0.01 mg%), indicating slight differences in antioxidant properties depending on the heat treatment method. In the lotus root patty dough, the total phenolic content was significantly decreased by heat treatment compared to the non-heated control (16.52±1.06 μeq/L), with blanched dough (13.68±0.82 μeq/L) slightly higher than steamed dough (13.40±0.06 μeq/L). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was also higher in the blanched dough, suggesting that blanching preserves antioxidant activity better than steaming. Blanching of lotus root is therefore considered a suitable processing method for maintaining antioxidant properties while meeting consumer preferences.Key words : lotus root, heat-treatment, antioxidant, quality characteristics
Sarcopenic obesity, defined by reduced muscle mass and increased adiposity, is strongly associated with impaired function, metabolic dysregulation, and morbidity. Excessive accumulation of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA) promotes muscle atrophy via oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteolytic activation. Plant-derived antioxidants are considered promising candidates to counteract muscle decline. Cirsium setidens Nakai and Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H. Ohashi, traditionally used in Korea as edible and medicinal resources, are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, with antioxidant potential. However, evidence regarding synergistic effects is limited. This study aimed to establish the optimal extraction conditions for the combined extract, assess antioxidant activities, and evaluate protective effects against PA-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Antioxidant capacity, measured by ABTS, ferric FRAP assays, and total phenolic content, was maximized under 70°C, 40% ethanol, and 2 h, with the 50:50 mixture showing the greatest activity. In the PA-treated myotubes, cell viability, myotube diameter, and fusion index were reduced alongside activation of proteolytic signaling. Treatment with each individual extract partially reversed these changes, whereas the combined extract was superior in restoring cell viability, promoting myotube formation, and modulating protein expression. Specifically, the mixture upregulated silent information regulator sirtuin 1 and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mTOR while downregulating Forkhead box O3a, thereby enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, stimulating protein synthesis, and suppressing degradation. These findings suggest that the combined extract exerts synergistic antioxidant and myoprotective effects, thus supporting their potential as functional food ingredients for preventing sarcopenic obesity and metabolic disorders.Key words : Cirsium setidens Nakai, Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H. Ohashi, anti-sarcopenic effect, antioxidant, C2C12 myotubes
This study aimeds to select the optimal protein hydrolytic enzyme for increasing the sialic acid (SA) content of edible bird’s nest hydrolysate (EBNH), establish the optimal enzyme treatment conditions, and confirm the immune activity of EBNH, thereby providing a basis for product development using EBNH and increasing the applicability of EBN. The optimal conditions for EBN hydrolysis were determined using response surface methodology, with enzyme concentrations (X1, 7∼23%), reaction temperatures (X2, 40∼60°C), and reaction times (X3, 90∼210 min) set as three independent variables, and SA content measured as a dependent variable to optimize the EBN decomposition conditions. Under the reaction conditions of the selected Flavourzyme® 500 MG, the SA content ranged from 0.24 to 0.46 mg/mL, and the R2 value of the regression equation was 0.8472, indicating a high reliability value. The results of calculating the optimal point using the enzyme treatment response surface model revealed that, the maximum value of the SA content was 0.45 mg/mL, and the optimum enzyme conditions were an enzyme concentration of 14.37%, reaction temperature of 40.10°C, and reaction time of 140.33 min. There was no cytotoxicity observed in the mouse-derived RAW 264.7 cells within the concentration range of the EBNH treatment. All concentrations of the EBNH samples showed a higher T cell proliferation rate than the control group. When the sample was treated after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 was inhibited, confirming that it effectively inhibited cellular inflammatory mediators.Key words : edible bird’s nest, edible bird’s nest hydrolysates, enzyme treatment, immune activity
Vegetable oils are important dietary sources of energy, essential fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins. They also contain various bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and lignans. Lignans, a class of phenolic compounds, have been reported to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities, and have thus gained attention for their health-promoting potential. However, information on the lignan composition and antioxidant properties of vegetable oils commercially available in Korea is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the lignan content and antioxidant activity of 12 vegetable oils marketed in Korea. Lignans were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under the negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring, targeting six compounds: secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, and medioresinol. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the total polyphenol content, radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power. Results showed that safflower seed oil contained the highest lignan content, mainly medioresinol and matairesinol, whereas lignans were not detected in canola, rice bran, or soybean oils. Olive oil exhibited the highest total polyphenol content and the strongest antioxidant activity, including both radical scavenging capacity and reducing power. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between reducing power and total polyphenol content, and significant correlations were also observed between total polyphenol content and radical scavenging capacity. In contrast, lignan content showed no clear relationship with antioxidant activity. These findings provide baseline data on the functional properties of vegetable oils and may contribute to their nutritional and industrial applications.Key words : lignan, vegetable oil, antioxidant, LC-MS/MS, correlation
Jinju Park , Ki-Bae Hong , and Sung-Soo Park
2024; 53(2): 115-126
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2024532.115
Wan-Taek Lim , Chang-Eui Hong , and Su-Yun Lyu
2024; 53(2): 138-148
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2024532.138
Yeop Hwangbo , Ju Hee Kim, Taewan Kim, and Jun Ho Kim
2023; 52(12): 1225-1232
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.20235212.1225
Jinju Park , Ki-Bae Hong , and Sung-Soo Park
2024; 53(2): 115-126
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2024532.115
Hee Jin Han , Minchul Gim, Hoyeon Shin, Hyunsook Jang, Gyeong-Hweon Lee, and Yoo Kyoung Park
2024; 53(2): 199-206
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2024532.199
Wan-Taek Lim , Chang-Eui Hong , and Su-Yun Lyu
2024; 53(2): 138-148
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2024532.138
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