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A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English

The XTAG Research Group

Institute for Research in Cognitive Science
University of Pennsylvania
3401 Walnut St., Suite 400A
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228

http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag

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• Contents
• List of Figures
• General Information
  • Getting Around
  • Feature-Based, Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars
    • TAG formalism
    • Lexicalization
    • Unification-based features
  • Overview of the XTAG System
    • System Description
      • Tree Selection
      • Tree Database
      • Tree Grafting
      • The Grammar Development Environment
    • Computer Platform
  • Underview
    • Tree Families and Subcategorization Frames
    • Complements and Adjuncts
    • Non-S constituents
    • Case Assignment
      • Approaches to Case
      • Case in XTAG
      • Case Assigners
      • PRO in a unification based framework
• Verb Classes
  • Where to Find What
  • Verb Classes
    • Intransitive: Tnx0V
    • Ergative: TEnx1V
    • Transitive: Tnx0Vnx1
    • Ditransitive: Tnx0Vnx2nx1
    • Ditransitive with PP: Tnx0Vnx1pnx2
    • Multiple anchor ditransitive with PP: Tnx0Vnx1Pnx2
    • Sentential Complement with NP: Tnx0Vnx1s2
    • Intransitive Verb Particle: Tnx0Vpl
    • Transitive Verb Particle: Tnx0Vplnx1
    • Ditransitive Verb Particle: Tnx0Vplnx2nx1
    • Intransitive with PP: Tnx0Vpnx1
    • Multiple anchor PP complement: Tnx0VPnx1
    • Sentential Complement: Tnx0Vs1
    • Intransitive with Adjective: Tnx0Vax1
    • Transitive Sentential Subject: Ts0Vnx1
    • Light Verbs: Tnx0lVN1
    • Ditransitive Light Verbs with PP Shift: Tnx0lVN1Pnx2
    • NP It-Cleft: TItVnx1s2
    • PP It-Cleft: TItVpnx1s2
    • Adverb It-Cleft: TItVad1s2
    • Adjective Small Clause Tree: Tnx0Ax1
    • Adjective Small Clause with Sentential Complement: Tnx0A1s1
    • Adjective Small Clause with Sentential Subject: Ts0Ax1
    • Equative BE: Tnx0BEnx1
    • NP Small Clause: Tnx0N1
    • NP Small Clause with Sentential Complement: Tnx0N1s1
    • NP Small Clause with Sentential Subject: Ts0N1
    • PP Small Clause: Tnx0Pnx1
    • Exhaustive PP Small Clause: Tnx0Px1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject: Ts0Pnx1
    • Intransitive Sentential Subject: Ts0V
    • Sentential Subject with `to' complement: Ts0Vtonx1
    • PP Small Clause, with Adv and Prep anchors: Tnx0ARBPnx1
    • PP Small Clause, with Adj and Prep anchors: Tnx0APnx1
    • PP Small Clause, with Noun and Prep anchors: Tnx0NPnx1
    • PP Small Clause, with Prep anchors: Tnx0PPnx1
    • PP Small Clause, with Prep and Noun anchors: Tnx0PNaPnx1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject, and Adv and Prep anchors: Ts0ARBPnx1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject, and Adj and Prep anchors: Ts0APnx1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject, and Noun and Prep anchors: Ts0NPnx1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject, and Prep anchors: Ts0PPnx1
    • PP Small Clause with Sentential Subject, and Prep and Noun anchors: Ts0PNaPnx1
    • Predicative Adjective with Sentential Subject and Complement: Ts0A1s1
    • Locative Small Clause with Ad anchor: Tnx0nx1ARB
    • Exceptional Case Marking: TXnx0Vs1
    • Idiom with V, D, and N anchors: Tnx0VDN1
    • Idiom with V, D, A, and N anchors: Tnx0VDAN1
    • Idiom with V and N anchors: Tnx0VN1
    • Idiom with V, A, and N anchors: Tnx0VAN1
    • Idiom with V, D, A, N, and Prep anchors: Tnx0VDAN1Pnx2
    • Idiom with V, A, N, and Prep anchors: Tnx0VAN1Pnx2
    • Idiom with V, N, and Prep anchors: Tnx0VN1Pnx2
    • Idiom with V, D, N, and Prep anchors: Tnx0VDN1Pnx2
  • Ergatives
  • Sentential Subjects and Sentential Complements
    • S or VP complements?
    • Complementizers and Embedded Clauses in English: The Data
    • Features Required
    • Distribution of Complementizers
    • Case assignment, for and the two to's
    • Sentential Complements of Verbs
      • Bridge Verbs
      • Non-bridge Verbs
      • Subjacency Violations: Multiple Wh-extraction
      • Exceptional Case Marking Verbs
    • Sentential Subjects
    • Nouns and Prepositions taking Sentential Complements
    • PRO control
      • Types of control
      • A feature-based analysis of PRO control
      • The nature of the control feature
      • Long-distance transmission of control features
      • Locality constraints on control
    • Reported speech
  • The English Copula, Raising Verbs, and Small Clauses
    • Usages of the copula, raising verbs, and small clauses
      • Copula
      • Raising Verbs
      • Small Clauses
      • Raising Adjectives
    • Various Analyses
      • Main Verb Raising to INFL + Small Clause
      • Auxiliary + Null Copula
      • Auxiliary + Predicative Phrase
      • Auxiliary + Small Clause
    • XTAG analysis
      • Raising Passives
    • Non-predicative BE
  • Ditransitive constructions and dative shift
  • PP Complement Verbs
  • It-clefts
• Sentence Types
  • Passives
  • Extraction
    • Topicalization and the value of the <inv> feature
    • Extracted subjects
    • Wh-moved NP complement
    • Wh-moved object of a P
    • Wh-moved PP
    • Wh-moved S complement
    • Wh-moved Adjective complement
  • Relative Clauses
    • Complementizers and clauses
      • Further constraints on the null Comp _C
    • Reduced Relatives
      • Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive relatives
    • External syntax
    • Other Issues
      • Interaction with adjoined Comps
      • Adjunction on PRO
      • Adjunct relative clauses
      • ECM
    • Cases not handled
      • Partial treatment of free-relatives
      • Adjunct P-stranding
      • Overgeneration
  • Adjunct Clauses
    • Multi-word Subordinating Conjunctions
    • ``Bare'' Adjunct Clauses
    • Discourse Conjunction
  • Imperatives
  • Gerund NP's
    • Determiner Gerunds
    • NP Gerunds
    • Gerund Passives
• Other Constructions
  • Determiners and Noun Phrases
    • The Wh-Feature
    • Multi-word Determiners
    • Genitive Constructions
    • Partitive Constructions
    • Adverbs, Noun Phrases, and Determiners
  • Modifiers
    • Adjectives
    • Noun-Noun Modifiers
    • Time Noun Phrases
    • Prepositions
    • Adverbs
    • Locative Adverbial Phrases
  • Auxiliaries
    • Non-inverted sentences
    • Inverted Sentences
    • Do-Support
      • In negated sentences
      • In inverted yes/no questions
    • Infinitives
    • Semi-Auxiliaries
      • Marginal Modal dare
      • Other semi-auxiliaries
      • Other Issues
  • Conjunction
    • Introduction
    • Adjective, Adverb, Preposition and PP Conjunction
    • Noun Phrase and Noun Conjunction
    • Determiner Conjunction
    • Sentential Conjunction
    • Comma as a conjunction
    • But-not, not-but, and-not and -not
    • To as a Conjunction
    • Predicative Coordination
    • Pseudo-coordination
  • Comparatives
    • Introduction
    • Metalinguistic Comparatives
    • Propositional Comparatives
      • Nominal Comparatives
      • Adjectival Comparatives
      • Adverbial Comparatives
    • Future Work
  • Punctuation Marks
    • Appositives, parentheticals and vocatives
      • nxPUnxPU
      • nPUnxPU
      • nxPUnx
      • PUpxPUvx
      • puARBpuvx
      • sPUnx
      • nxPUs
    • Bracketing punctuation
      • Simple bracketing
      • sPUsPU
    • Punctuation trees containing no lexical material
      • PU
      • PUs
      • sPUs
      • sPU
      • vPU
      • pPU
    • Other trees
      • spuARB
      • spuPnx
      • nxPUa
• Appendices
  • Future Work
    • Adjective ordering
    • More work on Determiners
    • -ing adjectives
    • Verb selectional restrictions
    • Thematic Roles
  • Tree Families in XTAG
  • Metarules
    • Introduction
    • The definition of a metarule in XTAG
      • Node names, variable instantiation, and matches
      • Structural Matching
      • Output Generation
      • Feature Matching
    • Examples
    • The Access to the Metarules through the XTAG Interface
  • Lexical Organization
    • Introduction
    • System Overview
      • Subcategorization frames
      • Blocks
      • Lexical Redistribution Rules (LRRs)
      • Tree generation
    • Implementation
    • Generating grammars
    • Summary
  • Tree Naming conventions
    • Tree Families
    • Trees within tree families
    • Assorted Initial Trees
    • Assorted Auxiliary Trees
      • Relative Clause Trees
  • Features
    • Agreement
      • Agreement and Movement
    • Case
      • ECM
      • Agreement and Case
    • Extraction and Inversion
      • Inversion, Part 1
      • Inversion, Part 2
    • Clause Type
      • Auxiliary Selection
    • Relative Clauses
    • Complementizer Selection
      • Verbs with object sentential complements
      • Verbs with sentential subjects
      • That-trace and for-trace effects
    • Determiner ordering
    • Punctuation
    • Conjunction
    • Comparatives
    • Control
    • Other Features
  • Evaluation and Results
    • Parsing Corpora
    • TSNLP
    • Chunking and Dependencies in XTAG Derivations
    • Comparison with IBM
    • Comparison with Alvey
    • Comparison with CLARE
• Bibliography

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XTAG Project
http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag