JAL manual - language - statements

declaration
assignment
if
while
for
forever
procedure call
return
assembler

declaration

Declarations are considered statements, so declarations can appear anywhere in a program where a statement is allowed.

examples:

  a = f( 9 )
  var byte x = 1, y = 0 -- need a few locals here? no problem!
  while x < a loop    
   y = y + x
   x = x + 1
  end loop

assignment

An assignment statement evaluates the expression and assigns its value to the variable or formal parameter indicated by the name on the left of the assignment.

examples:

  var byte a
  procedure p( byte out q ) is 
   q = 5 -- assign to the (out) parameter q
   a = 4 -- assign to the global variable a
  end procedure    
  a = 5 -- assign to the (now local) variable a

if

An if statement evaluates the expression. If the result is true the list of statements following the then is executed.

Before the else part any number of elsif parts can appear. When the if condition is false, the first elsif condition is evaluated. If it is true the corresponding statements are executed, otherwise execution continues with the next elsif part.

When none of the if and elsif conditions evaluate to true the statements in the optional else part are executed.

The expressions in the if and elsif's must be of type bit.

examples:

  if a> b then
   x = a
  else
   x = b
  end if
  x = x + 1
  if x> 10 then
   x = x - 10
  end if
  if target_clock == 10_000_000 then
   -- code for a 10MHz xtal
  elsif target_clock == 4_000_000 then
   -- code for a 4MHz xtal
  elsif target_clock == 32_768
   -- code for a 32.768kHz xtal
  else
   -- what to do now?
   pragama error -- unsupported xtal
  end if

while

A while statement evaluates the expression. If the result is false, the while statement has completed its execution. Otherwise the statements are executed, after which the expression is evaluated again etc. The expression must be of type bit.

examples:

  procedure div_rem( 
   bit in x, bit in y
   bit out d, bit out r
  ) is
   if y == 0 then
     -- what to do?
   else
     r = x
     d = 0
     while r> y loop
      d = d + 1
      r = r - y
     end loop
   end if
  end procedure

for

A for statement causes the statements within the for to be executed the indicated number of times.

examples:

  procedure delay_1S is
   for 100 loop
     for 100 loop
      delay_100uS
     end for
   end for
  end procedure

forever

A forever statement causes the statements within the forever to be executed forever. It has the same effect as a while loop with the same statements and a constant true condition.

examples:

  forever loop
   pin_a0 = true
   delay_1S
   pin_a0 = false
   delay_1S
  end loop

procedure call

A procedure call invokes the procedure identified by the name, with the indicated actual arguments. This comprises the following steps:

The parameters which have in or in out direction gets the value which is indicated by the corresponding actual argument.
The statements which form body of the procedure are executed.
The actual arguments which correspond to an out or in out parameter get the value of that parameter.

For the association between actual arguments and parameters:

When no corresponding actual parameter is available the default declared in the procedure declaration is used.
It is an error when neither an actual parameter nor a default is available.

In the procedure body assignments to out or in out parameters might affect the actual parameter directly (pass by reference) or only at the end of the procedure (pass by value-result). The compiler is free to choose.

A procedure call which does not pass parameters has no braces.

examples:

  var byte a
  procedure p( byte in out x = a, byte in q = 5) is 
   a = 0
   x = q
   if a == q then
     -- might be executed, but don't be sure
   end if    
  end procedure
  p( a, 11 )   -- two actuals
  p       -- same as p( a, 5 )
  p( 12 )    -- error, 11 can not be the actual for x

return

A return statement is used to terminate the excution of a procedure or function. For a function the return must be followed by an expression for the appropriate type.

examples:

  function root( byte in x ) return byte is
   var byte n = 15
   forever loop
     if n * n <= x then
      return n
     end if
     n = n - 1
   end loop
  end function

assembler

A simple assembler statement consists of the word asm followed by a single assembler statement.

A full assembler statement consists of the word assembler, a sequence of label declarations, labels and assembler statements, and is terminated by end assembler.

A label must be declared before it is used and a declared label must be used exactly once to define a location. The scope of a label is from the declaration declaring the label up to the end of the assembler block.

Expressions used as assembler arguments must be compile-time constants. Variables used in these expressions evaluate to their lineair file register address. When needed the compiler will translate variable addresses to the banked address. The user is responsible for setting code page and register bank bits using the page and bank menmonics. For 16x84 targets the page
and bank menmonics are ignored.

examples:

  asm clrwdt -- single assembler statement
  procedure first_set( byte in x, byte out n ) is
   assembler -- assembler block
     local loop, done
     clrf n
   loop :
     btfsc x, 0
      goto done
     incfsz n, f
     rrf x
     goto loop
   done :
   end assembler
  end procedure

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