2012-1月号 JANUARY
特集前言 前夜の東北
東北の街や村を、3.11以後の衝撃的な津波の映像によって初めて知ったという人は多いだろう。
言うまでもなく東日本大震災は北関東をはじめ全国あるいは世界的にも大きな被害・損失を出しているが、とりわけ「東北」については、私たちはいささか特殊な出会い方をしたように思える。ある「地方」がいきなり国民の眼に連日晒され、なおかつそこはすでに絶望的な被災地であり、震災以前の景観や生活を知るすべもない。こうした異様な経験が、東日本大震災には含まれている。なぜそうなったのか。そして東北とはどのような場所だったのか。「東北」は、今なおさまざまな偏見や期待や政治を封じ込めた一種の符牒のように一括りに語られがちである。
それゆえ、震災が襲う直前の「東北」を、直接の被災地にかぎらず、その力強い自然環境と、その上に人間が被せた社会・産業・交通、そしてナショナル/グローバルな地政学といったものが織り成す時空間の襞のなかに、広く、丁寧に語り直さなければならない。今期編集委員会の第1号となる特集を「前夜の東北」としたのは、まずそれを前提的な作業としたいと考えたからである。
巻頭対談では、宗教学者の山折哲雄氏が日本列島を文明と災害の観点から理念的に構造化し、また気仙沼生まれの民俗学者である川島秀一氏が生き生きとした現場の地域像を語る。両者の対照的な視角が描き出す東北の立体的な見取図をうけて、第1部・第2部は、東北の地図を構成する多数のレイヤーの重層といった趣を呈することになろう。そこに建築分野のいくつかのエピソードをコラム的に交えている。
第1部「賢治のみた100年前の東北から」は、東北という空間をつくり出す自然地理的な分節構造を踏まえつつ、近世から昭和戦前期までを辿る。宮澤賢治が初めて三陸の海をみたのは最晩年の1931年。そのころの東北は帝国内の分業体制の一翼として食糧・労働力の供給地に位置付けられつつあった。三陸を襲った明治と昭和の津波(1896年、1933年)は宮澤賢治の生誕と最期の年にあたる。
第2部「前夜の東北へ」では、地方開発、漁村・漁港、交通基盤、拠点都市(仙台)、製鉄業(釜石)、原発(福島)、家族像、観光といった観点から幾筋もの戦後史が辿られる。帝国の版図を失った戦後日本における東北は、首都圏に対する後背地の役割を与えられ、次いでグローバル経済下での競争に晒されてきた。
むろん、本特集では歴史的に周縁化されてきた東北像とともにその相対化の重要性も示される。東北を見た人の眼、東北を生きた人の足も、これからへの示唆となっている。
本特集ではまた、表紙に自然地形と人口を示した中野豪雄氏作成の主題地図を、第1部のトビラには吉田初三郎が1930年代に描いた岩手・宮城・福島の太平洋側から見た鳥瞰図を、さらに第3部・資料編にはいくつかの統計地図を配した。文字によるマッピング(対談・インタビュー・寄稿)と、ビジュアルなマッピングとが、互いに補完しあうことで、本特集が生きた歴史的複合体としての「東北」に近づくための重層的な地図群となっていればと思う。
末尾になるが、本特集は歴史学・民俗学・宗教学・地理学・経済学・観光学など多くの異分野の専門家各位の協力によって成立していることを、感謝の意とともに強調しておきたい。都市計画や建築も当然ながら東北の大きな歴史地理の脈絡の交差点に描かれ、建てられてきた。震災復興と未来の社会もまたその上にしかありえない。
さて、『建築雑誌』では今後も東日本大震災をめぐるさまざまな視角からの特集を組んでいくことになるが、本号はそのなかでも特異な位置を占めることになるだろう。あえて言えば本号は、震災そのものに直接には言及しないことによって、震災の意味を浮かび上がらせる試みであり、また今後の特集のためのガイドマップとなるだろうからである。読者諸氏が本号を手に携えて東北を歩かれること、特に若い読者が自らの足で被災地の土を踏みしめ、東北、日本、世界の新たな地図を描かれることを期待する。
本号編集担当は、大沼正寛・中島直人・初田香成・近藤卓である。
青井哲人 会誌編集委員長/明治大学准教授
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Preface to the Special Issue; Tohoku on the Night Before
There will no doubt be many people whose first encounter with the towns and villages of the Tohoku region was in the devastating images of the tsunami following March 11. It is of course true that the Great East Japan Earthquake also inflicted great damage and loss on the northern part of the Kanto region, the rest of Japan, and indeed the world beyond, but in the case of the 'Tohoku' region in particular, this encounter seems to have been of a rather special nature for us. A certain 'region' is suddenly exposed to the nation's attention day after day, it is already an area of hopeless devastation, and there is no way of knowing how its landscapes and lifestyles were before the earthquake. This odd situation is part of the experience of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Why did this situation arise? And what kind of a place was Tohoku? Tohoku still tends to be used as a kind of catch-all for a whole range of prejudices, expectations and political phenomena.
For this reason, the story of Tohoku immediately before the earthquake struck, whether directly affected by it or not, needs to be retold widely and accurately, as part of the folds of space and time interwoven by the mighty natural environment and the society, industry and transport network that humans built on it, as well as national and global geopolitics. The reason why the special issue "Tohoku on the Night Before" was chosen by the editorial board as this term's first issue is that we wanted it to serve as a premise of the above task.
In the introductory dialog, the religious scholar Tetsuo Yamaori builds a conceptual picture of the Japanese archipelago through the perspectives of civilization and disaster, while the folklore scholar Shuichi Kawashima, a native of Kesennuma, presents a vivid picture of Tohoku from within the region. Following on from the three-dimensional outline of Tohoku presented in these two contrasting perspectives, Parts 1 and 2 should serve to indicate the layered nature of the multiple strata that make up the map of Tohoku. A number of episodes from the architectural field are inserted in the style of a column.
Part 1 "From the Tohoku that Kenji Saw a Hundred Years Ago" traces the period from early modern times to the pre-war era, acknowledging, as it does the segmented structure in terms of physical geography that has created the place called Tohoku. Kenji Miyazawa first set eyes on the Sanriku coastline in 1931, during the last years of his life. As part of the division of labor within the Japanese empire, the Tohoku of the time was adapting to the role imposed upon it as a region that supplied foodstuffs and labor. The tsunamis that struck the Sanriku coast in the Meiji (1896) and Showa (1933) periods coincided with the years of Kenji Miyazawa's birth and death.
Part 2: "Back to Tohoku Before the Earthquake" traces numerous strands in the region's post-war history from the perspectives of regional development, fishing villages and ports, transport infrastructure, the core city (Sendai), the steel industry (Kamaishi), nuclear power plant (Fukushima), family profiles, and tourism. In the Japan of the postwar era, which had lost its empire, Tohoku was given the role of hinterland to the Tokyo region and has subsequently been exposed to the competition of the global economy.
Of course, as well as the image of Tohoku as a historically marginalized region, this special issue underlines the importance of its relativization. The eyes of those who have seen Tohoku and the feet of those who have lived there are pointers to the future.
Also in this special issue, the front cover carries a thematic map created by Takeo Nakano indicating the region's natural topography and population; the frontispiece to Part 1 presents a bird's-eye view of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures from the Pacific Ocean, drawn by Hatsusaburo Yoshida in the 1930s; and Part 3 "Tohoku on March 10, 2011 (Data)" contains a number of statistical maps. Through mutually complementary verbal mapping (dialog pieces, interviews and contributed articles) and visual mapping, I hope that this special issue will serve as a layered atlas allowing us to approach the Tohoku that is a living historical complex.
Finally, I would like to emphasize, in a spirit of gratitude, that this special issue was created through the interdisciplinary collaboration of specialists from the fields of history, folklore, religious studies, geography, economics and tourism. Quite naturally, urban planning and architecture have consistently been carried out at the intersection between Tohoku's major historicogeographical contexts. The recovery from the earthquake and the society of the future, in their turn, cannot help but be founded on the same soil.
The Journal of Architecture and Building Science will continue to publish special issues presenting various perspectives on the Great East Japan Earthquake, however this issue is likely to occupy a special position among them. I venture to suggest that this is because the issue, by not making direct mention of the earthquake itself, is an attempt to reveal the earthquake's significance, and will serve as a pathfinder for future special issues. I look forward to seeing readers visit Tohoku with this issue in hand, and hope that young readers particularly will tread their own paths through the disaster-hit areas before drawing new maps of Tohoku, Japan and the world.
This issue has been edited by Masahiro Onuma, Naoto Nakajima, Kosei Hatsuda and Taku Kondo.
Akihito Aoi Chairman of the Editorial Board/Associate Professor, Meiji University
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