This was possible until recently. We're too close to the start of the competition now, so we will not be releasing a new cd.
In any case, most programming languages can produce stand-alone programs of some form. If you do not know how to do that with your programming language, now is the time to find out.
If your programs need certain libraries that are not on the CD, please try to install them in your working directory and then include them as part of your program submission (or statically link them into a binary you submit). If this is impossible for some reason, please let us know as part of your submission.
Certainly. The only requirement is that we be able to somehow run it in our testing environment, which will be x86 machines running with the distributed LiveCD. For instance, if your language implementation can produce standalone binaries for Linux, you can certainly submit those and not worry about the details of the LiveCD.
If your language cannot produce standalone Linux binaries and there is no runtime support environment that the judges can use to run your programs (for instance because your favorite language only produces Mac or Windows programs) let us know as soon as possible by emailing icfpc@plt-scheme.org. Based on previous years' submissions, we expect that a few special arrangements will be sufficient to handle the submissions in this category, but we are open to reevaluating that plan if there is huge demand for Windows or Macintosh hardware.