Camps de concentration ou de r鳬ducation

Camps de concentration ou de r鳬ducation (cai tao hoc t穡, cai tao t穡 trung)

Historiens, sociologues et psychologues nous expliqueront peut-黎re un jour, quel r?le a pu jouer dans l誕ffrontement entre d駑ocratie et totalitarisme communiste cette accumulation de souffrances. Ils nous diront quelle alternative s弛ffrait aux populations prises en tenaille entre l 疎ppareil r駱ressif et le ォ r饌lisme サ des d駑ocraties, qui dans leurs rapports avec les r馮imes communistes ont toujours soutenu les Etats contre la soci騁? civile, les gouvernements contre les peuples.

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B?i-Xu穗-Luong, Peter, South Vietnamese officer prisoners of war: Their resilience and acculturation experiences in prison and in the United States, PhD, The Fielding institute, 171 pages, AAT 9963250

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Lin Lien, McInnes Keith MS, Mollica Richard F, Pham Thang, Murphy Elisabeth, Smith Fawzi Mary Christine, . The dose-effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in Vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998 Sep;186(9):543-53, Williams & Wilkins

H? Th?c Sinh Pham Vinh Xuân, ミai-hoc m疼, Nh穗 van 1985

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Huynh Van Chinh, Lê Nguyên Binh, Metzner Edward P., Trân Van Phuc, Reeducation in Postwar Vietnam : Personal Postscripts to Peace, Number Seventy-five : Texas A&M University Military
History Series, 2001, 160 pp

Ki黏 Duy Vinh, http://members.tripod.com/dansinh/

Kotek Joël, Rigoulot Pierre, Siècle des camps : détention, concentration, extermination : cent ans de mal radical, Lattès 2000

Lê Dinh Châu, Chiên-tuyên tu-do ven sông Hông

L? Huu Tri, Prisoner of the word (1975 - 1981) : A Memoir of the Vietnamese Reeducation Camps, Black Heron Press, Seattle 2001, 350 pp

Lin Lien, McInnes Keith MS, Mollica Richard F, Pham Thang, Murphy Elisabeth, Smith Fawzi Mary Christine, . The dose-effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in Vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998 Sep;186(9):543-53, Williams & Wilkins

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine in Vietnamese ex-political detainees newly arrived into the United States a) the prevalence of torture and psychiatric symptoms and b) the dose-effect relationships between cumulative torture experience and the psychiatric symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. The study population included Vietnamese ex-political detainees (N = 51) and a comparison group (N = 22). All respondents received culturally validated instruments with known psychometric properties including Vietnamese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. The ex-political detainees, in contrast to the comparison group, had experienced more torture events (12.2 SD = 4.2 vs. 2.6 SD = 3.1) and had higher rates of PTSD (90% vs. 79%) and depression (49% vs. 15%). Dose-effect relationships between cumulative torture experience and psychiatric symptoms were positive with the PTSD subcategory of "increased arousal" revealing the strongest association. These findings provide evidence that torture is associated with psychiatric morbidity in Vietnamese refugees. The demonstration of significant dose-effect responses supports the hypothesis that torture is a major risk factor in the etiology of major depression and PTSD. The generalizability of these results to other torture survivor groups is unknown. The interaction between torture and other pre- and post-migration risk factors over time in different cultural settings still needs to be examined.

Lin L., Mollica R.F., Murphy E., Pham T., Poole C., Smith Fawzi M.C., The validity of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among Vietnamese former political prisoners, Acta psychiatrica scandinavica 1997 : 95 : 87 - 93

Lu Van Thanh. The Inviting Call of Wandering Souls: Memoir of an ARVN Liaison Officer to the United States Forces in Vietnam Who Was Imprisoned in Communist Re-eduction Camps and Then Escaped. Jefferson, N.C. :McFarland, 1997

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Ly Ba Hy, Mes 4584 jours de r鳬ducation au Vi黎-Nam, Anai Paris 1994

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Matson, Arthur William, III, Coping, culture, and meaning in the reeducation camp experience (Vietnam), PsyD, Antioch university / New England graduate school, 2001, 148 pages, AAT 3011870

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Chapter II : The "northernization" of South Viêtnam, The Reeducation, The Appropriation of Private Industry and Business Enterprise, The Mass Arrest of Journalists, Writers, Artists, and Intellectuals, The Mass Arrest of Religion Dignitaries and Followers

Chapter VIII : Life in reeducation camps and prisons, Statistics on Deaths at Camps, Prisons and Camps, Camp Measures, Alimentary Deficiency, Food Rations, Labor Exploitation, Health Care -- Medical Treatment, Illness, Punishment, Separate Confinement, Mental Torture, Humiliation, Deaths, Executions, Revenge on the Prisoner, Terms of Detention, Correspondence, Currency Exchange, Visits, Protest at Camp, Under the Administrative Detention, Political and Social Discrimination, Requests, Remarks, Recommendations

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Following is a short history on each of the 13 POW Camps in North Vietnam :
ALCATRAZ The Alcatraz POW Camp, located in North Central Hanoi, became operational in October 1967, when 12 prisoners captured in North Vietnam were moved into this facility. These men were either high ranking POWs or POWs known to the North Vietnamese as "troublemakers". In December 1969 the camp was closed, except for a six week period in the summer of 1970 when one prisoner captured in South Vietnam was held at this location prior to his release in August 1970.

BRIARPATCH The Briarpatch POW Camp, located 33 miles west-northwest of Hanoi, was opened in September 1965, but within one week it was closed, reportedly because of U.S. bombing in the area. It was reopened in December 1965 and was used until February 1967, when its POW population was moved. It was reopened a second time in February 1971 to hold a small group of POWs captured outside of North Vietnam. Briarpatch finally closed its gates in July 1971, when the last group of POWs was moved back to the Hanoi area.

CAMP FAITH The Camp Faith POW Camp, located nine miles west of Hanoi, became operational in July 1970, when a major consolidation of U.S. prisoners began. Small and medium sized POW camps holding Americans captured in North Vietnam were closed, and many POWs were regrouped at Camp Faith. This was the first time the North Vietnamese allowed the POWs to associate in large numbers. A considerable improvement in treatment occurred at Camp Faith. At its peak, the POW population of Camp Faith was approximately 220 men. Three days after the Son Tay rescue effort, Camp Faith's U.S. POW population was moved to the Hoa Lo Prison in Hanoi.

DIRTY BIRD Beginning in June 1967, several locations in the immediate vicinity of the Hanoi Thermal Power Plant (TPP), were used for the detention of U.S. POWs. Approximately 30 POWs captured in North Vietnam were held in the TPP area at the Dirty Bird Camp in a probable attempt to prevent the bombing of the Power Plant. In October 1967, all prisoners held in Dirty Bird were removed to regular POW camps. It was never again used for the detention of U.S. POWs. Following is a short history on each of the 13 POW Camps in North Vietnam

DOGPATCH The Dogpatch POW Camp, located 105 miles north-northeast of Hanoi, became operational in May 1972, when 220 U.S. POWs captured in North Vietnam were transferred from Hao Lo to this detention facility. The reason for this move was probably to disrupt the U.S. POW organization which was extremely strong at Hoa Lo. The camp was closed in January, 1973, when the prisoners were returned to Hoa Lo for repatriation.

FARNSWORTH The Farnsworth POW Camp, located 18 miles southwest of Hanoi, became operational in August 1968, when 28 U.S. POWs captured outside North Vietnam were moved to this location. Over the next two years, several groups of U.S. POWs captured outside of North Vietnam, were brought to this detention installation. In a reaction to the Son Tay rescue effort, Farnsworth's U.S. POW population was transferred to the Plantation POW Camp in Hanoi, in November 1970.

HOA LO (HANOI HILTON The Hoa Lo POW Camp, located in downtown Hanoi, became operational in August 1964, with the capture of L-CDR E. Alvarez, U.S. Navy. The detention facility was used continuously since that time as a processing point for captured U.S. personnel and as a camp of permanent detention. All acknowledged U.S. POWs captured in North Vietnam were moved into Hoa Lo in November and December 1970, after the Son Tay rescue attempt. The camp was the staging/collection point for the release of the first and second increments of U.S. POWs captured in North Vietnam and for the release of all U.S. POWs moved from South Vietnam and Laos.

MOUNTAIN CAMP The Mountain Camp/Retreat located 40 miles northwest of Hanoi became operational in December 1971, when one prisoner from Hoa Lo and eight prisoners from Skidrow were moved to this location. This camp was used until January 1973 when its POW population was permanently moved to Hanoi for repatriation.

PLANTATION The Plantation POW Camp, located in northeast Hanoi, became operational in June 1967. This installation became a "showplace" for U.S. POWs captured in North Vietnam. Numerous films, still photography and interviews of U.S. POWs were staged at the Plantation. The camp remained open until July 1970, when a major consolidation of U.S. POWs occurred. From July to November 1970, no U.S. POWs were held at the camp. In November 1970, in a reaction to the Son Tay rescue effort, the North Vietnamese moved the majority of U.S. POWs captured outside North Vietnam to the Plantation POW Camp. The camp remained open after this movement. In January 1973, the camp's existing population was moved to Hoa Lo, and the Plantation became the staging/collection point for the release of the third increment of POWs captured in North Vietnam. Following is a short history on each of the 13 POW Camps in North Vietnam

ROCKPILE The Rockpile POW Camp, located 32 miles south of Hanoi, became operational in June 1971 when 14 American and foreign POWs captured outside North Vietnam, were moved from the Skidrow POW Camp to this facility. This installation ceased to function as a POW detention installation in February 1973, when its POW population was moved to Hanoi for repatriation. SKIDROW The Skidrow POW Camp, located 6 miles southwest of Hanoi, became operational as a U.S. POW detention facility in July 1968, when U.S. civilian and military prisoners captured outside North Vietnam were moved to this installation. In March 1971, 36 prisoners captured in North Vietnam were moved from Hoa Lo to this facility because the North Vietnamese considered them "troublemakers". However, prior to the arrival of these prisoners, the personnel captured outside North Vietnam were transferred to another section of Skidrow to prevent communications between the two groups. In June 1971, 14 of the civilian POWs captured outside North Vietnam were moved from Skidrow to the Rockpile POW Camp. Due to the threat of floods at Skidrow, the "troublemakers" were transferred to Hoa Lo Prison in July and August 1971. In early September, 21 POWs were moved from Hoa Lo to Skidrow, where they remained until November 1971, when they were again returned to Hoa Lo. A small group of U.S. POWs were moved from Hoa Lo to Skidrow in December 1971, for two weeks and then were returned to Hoa Lo. At this time, the remaining prisoners captured outside North Vietnam were moved from Skidrow to the Mountain Camp, north of Hanoi. In December 1971, Skidrow ceased to function as a detention facility for U.S. POWs.

SON TAY/CAMP HOPE The Son Tay POW Camp became operational in May 1968, when twenty U.S. POWs captured in North Vietnam were moved to the camp. Two subsequent groups of prisoners were moved to this installation, bringing the total prisoner population to 55 men. In a routine move on 14 July 1970, the entire camp population was moved to the Camp Faith POW Camp. This move was the beginning of a major regroupment of U.S. POWs, which occurred in the summer of 1970. Following is a short history of the 13 POW Camps in North Vietnam

ZOO The Zoo POW Camp, located in the southwest suburbs of Hanoi, became operational in September 1965, and remained open until December 1970, when all POWs were transferred to Hoa Lo. The Zoo POW Camp was used for two short periods during 1971, when two men captured in Laos were detained temporarily there, before moving to the Rockpile POW Camp. In September 1971, the Zoo was reactivated on a more permanent basis and used primarily to hold U.S. POWs captured after December 1971. It replaced the Plantation POW Camp as a "showplace", and remained the "showplace" throughout 1972. The Zoo as a "showplace" was similar in function to the Plantation. Films showing U.S. POWs playing basketball, volleyball and preparing for Christmas, were staged and used for external consumption only. The Zoo was used as the staging/collection point for the repatriation of the fourth and final increment of POWs captured in North Vietnam.

A synopsis of the information provided in the preceding paragraphs is provided below:

http://www.ipsystems.com/powmia/documents/PowCamps.html

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