Links and Selected Readings

GCC-specific Literature

• An Introduction to GCC by Brian J. Gough (e-book).
• GNU C Compiler Internals (Wikibook), numerous contributors.
• Compilation of Functional Programming Languages using GCC -- Tail Calls by Andreas Bauer.
• Using, Maintaining and Enhancing COBOL for the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) by Joachim Nadler and Tim Josling <tej@melbpc.org.au>.
• The V3 multi-vendor standard C++ ABI is used in GCC releases 3.0 and above.
• Compiling and testing complete gcc/glibc cross-toolchains for Linux targets by Dan Kegel.

Chip Documentation

The list below is based on the subdirectory names of the gcc/config directory, which typically matches with the CPU name in the configuration name. In some cases, different (but similar) CPUs are put into one directory; the names in parentheses list such similar CPU names.

• AArch64
  The 64-bit execution state of the ARM Architecture, first introduced by the ARMv8-A architecture.
  Manufacturer: Various, by license from ARM.
  ARM Documentation
• andes (nds32)
  Manufacturer: Various licenses of Andes Technology Corporation.
  CPUs include: AndesCore families N7, N8, SN8, N9, N10, N12 and N13.
  Andes Documentation
  GDB includes a simulator for all CPUs.
• arc
  Manufacturer: Synopsys Inc (as Synopsys DesignWare softcore)
  CPUs include: ARC600, ARC700
  ARC Documentation
• ARM
  Manufacturer: Various, by license from ARM.
  CPUs include: ARM7TDMI, and the Cortex-A, Cortex-R and Cortex-M series.
  ARM Documentation
  Application Binary Interface (ABI) for the ARM Architecture
• AVR 8-bit microcontrollers
  AVR documentation
  avr-gcc Wiki
• Blackfin
  Manufacturer: Analog Devices
  Blackfin Documentation
• c4x
  Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
  Exact chip name: TMS320C4X
• C6X
  Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
  Exact chip name: TMS320C6X
• CR16
  Manufacturer: National Semiconductor
  Acronym stands for: CompactRISC 16-bit
  GDB includes a simulator
• CRIS
  Manufacturer: Axis Communications
  Acronym stands for: Code Reduced Instruction Set
  The CRIS architecture is used in the ETRAX system-on-a-chip series.
  Programmer's Manual for CRIS v10
• C-SKY
  Manufacturer: C-SKY Microsystems
  C-SKY Documentation
• Epiphany
  Manufacturer: Adapteva
  Manufacturer's website with additional information about the Epiphany architecture.
• fr30
  Manufacturer: Fujitsu
  Acronym stands for: Fujitsu RISC
  GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
• h8300
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  Exact chip name: H8/300
  GDB includes a simulator.
  H8/300 Application Binary Interface for GCC.
• i386 (i486, i586, i686, i786)
  Manufacturer: Intel
  Some information about optimizing for x86 processors, links to x86 manuals and documentation:
  https://www.agner.org/optimize/
  www.sandpile.org: Christian Ludloff's technical x86 processor information.
• i860
  Manufacturer: Intel
• m32c
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  Renesas M16C Family (R32C/M32C/M16C) Site
  GDB includes a simulator.
• m32r
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
• m68hc11 (m68hc12)
  Manufacturer: Motorola
  GDB includes a 68HC11 and a 68HC12 simulator.
• m68k
  Manufacturer: Motorola
• mcore
  Manufacturer: Motorola
  GDB includes a simulator.
• MeP
  Manufacturer: Toshiba
  SID includes a MeP simulator.
• MicroBlaze
  Manufacturer: AMD
  MicroBlaze Soft Processor Design Hub
  GDB includes a simulator for an earlier version of the processor.
• mips (mipsel, mips64, mips64el)
  The *el variants are little-endian configurations.
• MMIX
  Manufacturer: none. There is a simulator, see links below.
  Acronym stands for: Roman numeral for 2009, pronounced [EM-micks]. The number stands for the average of numbers of "14 actual computers very similar to MMIX". The name may also be due to a predecessor appropriately named MIX.
  MMIX is used in program examples in Donald E. Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming (ISBN 0-201-89683-4).
  The MMIX page has more information about MMIX. Knuth also wrote a book specifically about MMIX (MMIXware, ISBN 3-540-66938-8).
• mn10300
  Manufacturer: Matsushita
  Alternate chip name: AM30
  GDB includes a simulator.
• msp430
  Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
  GDB includes a simulator.
• Nios II
  Manufacturer: Intel (formerly Altera)
  Nios II Processor Documentation
• OpenRISC
  Manufacturer: Many (community built architecture)
  OpenRISC Project
  Architecture Specification
• pa
  Manufacturer: HP
  PA-RISC is preferred over the older HPPA acronym (Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture).
  parisc.docs.kernel.org is another good source of PA-RISC documention.
• pdp11
  Manufacturer: DEC
  Simulators
• pru
  Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
  PRU Assembly Instruction User Guide.
  TI ABI Specification (see chapter 6).
  Community PRU Documentation
• riscv
  Manufacturer: Many (open ISA standard)
  RISC-V Foundation
  ISA Specifications
• rs6000 (powerpc, powerpcle)
  Manufacturer: IBM, Motorola
  OpenPOWER Foundation
  64-Bit ELF V2 ABI - OpenPOWER ABI
  AIX 7.2 Assembler Language Reference
• rx
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  RX610 landing page
• sh
  Manufacturer: Renesas, various licensees.
  CPUs include: SH1, SH2, SH2-DSP, SH3, SH3-DSP, SH4, SH4A, SH5 series.
  Renesas SuperH Processors
  SuperH Instruction Set Summary
  GDB includes a simulator.
• sparc (sparclite, sparc64)
  Manufacturer: Sun
  Acronym stands for: Scalable Processor ARChitecture
• tilegx, tilepro
  Manufacturer: Mellanox
• v850
  Manufacturer: NEC
• vax
  Manufacturer: DEC
• xtensa
  Manufacturer: Tensilica
• z/Architecture (S/390)
  Manufacturer: IBM
  z/Architecture Principles of Operation
  ESA/390 Principles of Operation
  Linux for z Systems ABI
  Linux for S/390 ABI

Collected Papers/Sites on Standards, Compilers, Optimization, Etc.

C information

• C standards information:
  • WG14 (C standards committee)
  • Draft C99 Rationale
  • C99 Defect Reports
  • ANSI C89, as adopted as FIPS PUB 160
  • C89 Rationale (HTML)
  • C89 Technical Corrigendum 1
  • C89 Technical Corrigendum 2
  • C89 Defect Reports
• Sequence point rules in C:
  • A formal model of sequence points and related issues by Clive Feather
  • C formalised in HOL, thesis by Michael Norrish
  • Sequence points analysis by Raymond Mak
  • Another formalism for sequence points by D. Hugh Redelmeier
• C historical information:
  • The Development of the C Language, by Dennis M. Ritchie (PDF).

C++ information

• ISO Committee homepage (defects list, etc)

• STLport homepage

• Template Numeric Toolkit
• The Boost C++ Libraries

• Internet sites for C++ users

• Nathan Myers' locale page
• Nicolai Josuttis' Standard Library book

Fortran information

• Fortran standards information:
  • Fortran standards committee (includes references to the current draft of the Fortran standard)
  • FORTRAN 77 Standard
• Testing and Validation - Some packages aimed at Fortran compiler validation.
  • The g77 testsuite (which is part of GCC).
  • Test suite of ftnchek, included in its distribution. It contains some illegal code and therefore makes it possible to stress the compiler error handling.
  • Checking properties of the compiler and the run-time environment by Arjen Markus (source provided).
  • gdbf95 testsuite.
  • Tests of run-time checking capabilities
    • Polyhedron tests
• Other resources:
  • Michel Olagnon's Fortran 90 List contains a "Tests and Benchmarks" section mentioning commercial testsuites.
  • Complying with Fortran 90, How does the current crop of Fortran 90 compilers measure up to the standard?, Steven Baker, Dr Dobb's, January 1995. It described the results of several commercial testsuites.
• Historical material - for your enjoyment.
  • The writings of Edsger W. Dijkstra (RIP)

Ada information

• Ada standards information:
  • WG9 (Ada standards committee):
    • Ada Issues
  • List of Ada standards (Ada Information Clearinghouse):
    • Annotated Ada 2005 Reference Manual
    • Ada 2005 Reference Manual
    • Ada 2005 Rationale
    • Annotated Ada 95 Reference Manual
    • Ada 95 Reference Manual
    • Ada 95 Rationale
    • Ada 83 Reference Manual
    • Ada 83 Rationale
• Related standards:
  • Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS)
• Compiler validation:
  • Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite (ACATS)
• Other resources:
  • AdaCore Community Site
  • GNAT: The GNU Ada Compiler
  • Ada Quality & Style Guide
  • Guide for the use of the Ada Ravenscar Profile in high integrity systems

Go information

• General Go information
• Go language specification

D information

• D language homepage
• D language reference

Modula 2 information

• Programming in Modula-2 (Edition 2)
• Programming in Modula-2 (Edition 4)
• ISO Modula-2 standards (base language, OO and generic language extensions)

Modula 3 information

• https://www.modula3.org

Miscellaneous information

• What Every Computer Scientist Should Know about Floating-Point Arithmetic by David Goldberg, including Doug Priest's supplement (PDF format)
• Differences Among IEEE 754 Implementations by Doug Priest (included in the PostScript-format document above)
• IEEE 754r, an ongoing revision to the IEEE 754 floating point standard.
• IBM Research publications
• System V PowerPC ABI
• DWARF Workgroup
• Compact C Type Format (CTF)
• BPF Type Format (BTF)

• comp.compilers archive
• Steven Muchnick (1997) "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation". 880pp. ISBN: 1-55860-320-4.
• Robert Morgan (1998) "Building an Optimizing Compiler". 300pp. ISBN: 1-55558-179-X.
• The Open Group has quite a bit on POSIX and friends.
• Unicode and Unicode Normalization Forms.

Chip Documentation of Obsolete Ports

Below is the list of ports that GCC used to support.

• a29k
  Manufacturer: AMD
• clipper
  Manufacturer: Intergraph
  Exact machine name: CLIPPER
• convex (c1, c2, c3[248])
  Manufacturer: Convex (HP)
• d30v
  Manufacturer: Mitsubishi
  There is no longer any reference to this chip anywhere on the manufacturer's web site; it may be dead.
  GDB includes a simulator.
• dsp16xx
  Manufacturer: AT&T
• m88k
  Manufacturer: Motorola
• mn10200
  Manufacturer: Matsushita
  GDB includes a simulator.
• pj (picoJava)
  Manufacturer: Sun
• romp
  Manufacturer: IBM
  Acronym stands for: Research/Office Products MicroProcessor
  The ROMP was the processor inside the IBM PC/RT.