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If you try to remove something from a list, e.g. ``[].remove(1)``, the
message from ValueError is rather useless: "ValueError: list.remove(x):
x not in list". It should probably list the repr for the argument to
help in debugging.

Suggested patch attached, handles remove() and index().

It looks as if this has been addressed for list.index (aka issue #7252), in r76058. The same fix could be applied for list.remove.

This patch combines the fix from Georg Brandl's original patch with the fix made to listindex. The r76058 fix fails the test in Georg's original test where the repr of the item to be removed itself raises; this patch handles that case for both list.remove and list.index.

The patch is good, except for two things:
when PyObject_Repr() fails, the word 'item' is put instead. This is a good idea, but PyErr_Clear() should be called as soon as possible, before calling another API function.
Also, the error message can grow without bounds. It would be better to limit the size of the string.

Amaury, I agree about having a limit. It is a really bad idea to dump the full list repr for a potentially huge list or even for a small list of objects with huge individual reprs. We should limit the output to just a few characters at most or risk spewing pages of garbage into people's tracebacks and log files.
That being said, limiting the output defeats the original purpose of the feature request. ISTM that the proposal is only helpful in simple toy examples like [1,2,3].remove(4). With real world data, the new message is probably going to cause more harm than good. Accordingly, I recommend rejecting this feature request.

Ugh. That's a reasonable objection.
What's the best thing to do in this case, generally speaking?
list.index() does print the full repr on a value error; and a quick grep shows a number of other similar uses, although those don't seem to be as easy to trigger inadvertently.
Should this feature be removed from list.index as well?

This has already been implemented.