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test_posix fails on an android emulator running an x86 system image at API level 21.
On android we have instead of a list of group IDs:
root@generic_x86:/data/local/tmp # id -G
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=1003(graphics),1004(input),1007(log),1011(adb),1015(sdcard_rw),1028(sdcard_r),3001(net_bt_admin),3002(net_bt),3003(inet),3006(net_bw_stats) context=u:r:su:s0
======================================================================
ERROR: test_getgroups (test.test_posix.PosixTester)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/sdcard/org.bitbucket.pyona/lib/python3.6/test/test_posix.py", line 815, in test_getgroups
 set([int(x) for x in groups.split()]),
 File "/sdcard/org.bitbucket.pyona/lib/python3.6/test/test_posix.py", line 815, in <listcomp>
 set([int(x) for x in groups.split()]),
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'uid=0(root)'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 83 tests in 0.114s
FAILED (errors=1, skipped=11)
test test_posix failed
1 test failed:
 test_posix
Total duration: 0:00:01

See more information in comments in issue26932. Since the id tool looks fixed in Android 6.x we should skip the test on Android <6.x.

'id -G' produces the expected result on an android-23-x86 emulator running Android 6.0 (API 23).
There is a new error now instead of the one reported at issue #26932:
======================================================================
FAIL: test_getgroups (test.test_posix.PosixTester)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/sdcard/org.bitbucket.pyona/lib/python3.6/test/test_posix.py", line 816, in test_getgroups
 set(posix.getgroups() + [posix.getegid()]))
AssertionError: Items in the second set but not the first:
0
The problem is that posix.getegid() returns 0, and 0 is not in the list printed by 'id -G'.

test_getgroups is ok on an android emulator running API 23 with the attached patch, and the test is skipped when running API 21.

New patch with cosmetic changes.

Is there a plan to make Android a supported platform in 3.6?

> Is there a plan to make Android a supported platform in 3.6?
Answer in the Android meta-issue at msg 270942.

> ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'uid=0(root)'
Hum, does the id program supports -G on Android? The output looks like the regular id output (without -G). Example on my Linux (Fedora 24):
$ id
uid=1000(haypo) gid=1000(haypo) groupes=1000(haypo),10(wheel) contexte=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
$ id -G
1000 10

> Hum, does the id program supports -G on Android?
It does on Android 6.0 but prints the same result as 'id' (without -G) on previous Android versions.
Here is the output of the commands involved in the test for the root user on my archlinux box, the Android 5.0 emulator and the Android 6.0 emulator:
archlinux:
 [root@bilboquet default]# python
 ...
 >>> from posix import getegid, getgroups
 >>> getgroups()
 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 19]
 >>> getegid()
 0
 [root@bilboquet default]# id -G
 0 1 2 3 4 6 10 19
Android 5.0 (API level 21)
 root@generic_x86:/data/data/org.bitbucket.pyona # python
 ...
 >>> from posix import getegid, getgroups
 >>> getgroups()
 [1003, 1004, 1007, 1011, 1015, 1028, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3006]
 >>> getegid()
 0
 root@generic_x86:/data/data/org.bitbucket.pyona # id -G
 uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=1003(graphics),1004(input),1007(log),1011(adb),1015(sdcard_rw),1028(sdcard_r),3001(net_bt_admin),3002(net_bt),3003(inet),3006(net_bw_stats)
Android 6.0 (API level 23)
 root@generic_x86:/data/data/org.bitbucket.pyona # python
 ...
 >>> from posix import getegid, getgroups
 >>> getgroups()
 [1004, 1007, 1011, 1015, 1028, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3006]
 >>> getegid()
 0
 root@generic_x86:/data/data/org.bitbucket.pyona # id -G
 1004 1007 1011 1015 1028 3001 3002 3003 3006

Sorry but I don't see the point of trying to "fix" the unit test on
Android if "id -G" doesn't work as expected.
In fact, I don't really understand the point of such functional test.
Are we still testing Python? Or are we testing the OS itself?
I suggest to remove the whole unit test, or skip the whole unit test
on Android (@skipIf(is_android(), "-G option of id -G is ignored"),
something like that).

Ooops, I missed the part where you say that it works on API level >= 23. So I suggest to only skip the test on Android API level < 23.

The test is already skipped by the patch, for Android API level < 23, with the statement:
 raise unittest.SkipTest("need working 'id -G'")
Do you mean that the test should be skipped instead more explicitly with something like:
 skiIf(support.android_api_level < 23, "-G option of id -G is ignored by Android")

Haypo: we are testing that our function wrapper (getgroups) returns something that we can parse as matching the results from the 'id' command. This gives us a much more meaningful test than just testing that getgroups returns *something*. That is, we are testing that it returns integers, and that they "look right".
In that light, I propose an alternate patch.

Thanks for the patch David, see my comment in Rietveld.
New patch based on David patch, just a bit simpler.

New changeset fb3e65aff225 by Xavier de Gaye in branch '3.6':
Issue #26944: Fix test_posix for Android where 'id -G' is entirely wrong
https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/fb3e65aff225
New changeset 465c09937e85 by Xavier de Gaye in branch 'default':
Issue #26944: Merge with 3.6.
https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/465c09937e85