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I am reporting this here so that the next person who runs into this and looks into the bug tracker will find out what to do.
You cannot create a venv with Python3.3, 3.4, 3.5. on debian (and likely
on many debian-derived distros). 
 Instead you get Error: Command '['<directory>/bin/python3.4', '-Im', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade', '--default-pip']' returned non-zero exit status 
1
Debian knows all about this, but they don't want to make changes.
https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=732703
Instead, if you want venv to work you will need to install the debian packages python3-venv (for 3.4) and python3.5-venv for 3.5.
Can somebody close this issue now, as this is clearly a debian issue and not a Python bug. I am just reporting it here so that somebody else who has the problem can find out what to do.

And now, I want to open this again.
I'd like to change python -m venv (and pyenv) to say something more useful than
Command '['<directory>/bin/python3.4', '-Im', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade', '--default-pip']' returned non-zero exit status 
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if it cannot find the ensurepip module.

The current Debian packages show this error message:
$ python3 -m venv /tmp/foobar
The virtual environment was not created successfully because ensurepip is not
available. On Debian/Ubuntu systems, you need to install the python3-venv
package using the following command.
 apt-get install python3-venv
You may need to use sudo with that command. After installing the python3-venv
package, recreate your virtual environment.
Failing command: ['/tmp/foobar/bin/python3', '-Im', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade', '--default-pip']