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It seems that the fix for 13854 (http://bugs.python.org/issue13854) actually tried to solve 2 issues:
1. handle non-integer, non-string arg to SystemExit
2. use exit code of 0 when the arg was a string
The change involved for #2 seems to go against the documentation for sys.exit:
"...In particular, sys.exit("some error message") is a quick way to exit a program when an error occurs."
Indeed, python 2.7.5 appears to follow this behavior:
[me@localhost ~]$ python -c 'raise SystemExit("bye")'; echo $?
bye
1
Shouldn't the return code from a subprocess when using multiprocessing match the return code when called w/o the multiprocessing module?

Are you looking at the current code in the 2.7 branch or just at the code committed in https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/da5b370f41a1 (done as part of issue13854)?
The code in 2.7 has since been updated and appears to use an exitcode of 1 whenever a str is provided as the arg to SystemExit.
Are you observing something different in practice?

I am using 2.7.5 (RHEL7 and FC20). Indeed, this issue appears fixed in 2.7.7, by https://hg.python.org/cpython/diff/44b5ec2f0f5d/Lib/multiprocessing/process.py.
I'm closing as not a bug.
Thanks for the help!