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make patchcheck depends on the interpreter and modules being built to work correctly but the make target doesn't have this expressed. This simple patch will fix it and adds well under a second of latency for me.
cpython.hg$ make patchcheck
./python ./Tools/scripts/patchcheck.py
Could not find platform dependent libraries <exec_prefix>
Consider setting $PYTHONHOME to <prefix>[:<exec_prefix>]
Failed to import the site module
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/site.py", line 555, in <module>
 main()
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/site.py", line 541, in main
 known_paths = addusersitepackages(known_paths)
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/site.py", line 281, in addusersitepackages
 user_site = getusersitepackages()
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/site.py", line 257, in getusersitepackages
 user_base = getuserbase() # this will also set USER_BASE
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/site.py", line 247, in getuserbase
 USER_BASE = get_config_var('userbase')
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/sysconfig.py", line 582, in get_config_var
 return get_config_vars().get(name)
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/sysconfig.py", line 531, in get_config_vars
 _init_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)
 File "/home/robertc/work/cpython.hg/Lib/sysconfig.py", line 403, in _init_posix
 from _sysconfigdata import build_time_vars
ImportError: No module named '_sysconfigdata'
Makefile:1640: recipe for target 'patchcheck' failed
make: *** [patchcheck] Error 1

Sounds fine to me.
This could be particularly useful for docs-only patches, where you may not have done a local "make test" first.

New changeset de093a1ec51b by Robert Collins in branch 'default':
Issue #23585: make patchcheck will ensure the interpreter is built.
https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/de093a1ec51b