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alist=list(range(5))
alist.extend(enumerate(alist))
the computer will down !!!

I just get a MemoryError. Do you actually receive a crash?

Have not been able to respond in a lower performance on the computer running, I restart the computer;
On another computer, indeed MemoryError。

I can reproduce this with Python 3.2 on Linux-2.4.32/i686 with 512M of
RAM. The machine does not crash, it freezes completely in the same
manner as with a fork bomb. A hard reboot is required.

This has the same effect:
a = list(range(5))
a.extend(iter(a))
So the problem is not in enumerate but in list.extend()

I think you're simply running OOM, and Linux is thrashing to death.
If you wait long enough, the process should get nuked by the OOM killer (well, in theory).
What happens if you disable swap altogether ('swapoff -a')?
You can also change to strict overcommitting ('echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory').
Anyway, I guess you would get the same effect by simply running
list(range(<huge number>))...

This a feature, not a bug. Lists are allowed to mutate during iteration and there are valid use cases for doing so (adding pending tasks, etc.) 
# Demonstrate list mutation during iteration
# Infinite loop that overflows memory
s = [None]
for x in s:
 s.append(x)