Why do I need to include libraries used in other libraries?

Question

I have a simple library which uses another library.

Here is the header:

#ifndef __DERIVEDCLASS_H__
#define __DERIVEDCLASS_H__
#include <HardwareSerial.h>
class DerivedClass
{
private:
 HardwareSerial* serial;
public:
 DerivedClass();
};
#endif

And the CPP:

#include "DerivedClass.h"
DerivedClass::DerivedClass()
{
}

And the sketch:

#include <DerivedClass.h>
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
}

This works fine.

However, if I change the library header to this:

#ifndef __DERIVEDCLASS_H__
#define __DERIVEDCLASS_H__
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
class DerivedClass
{
private:
 SoftwareSerial* serial;
public:
 DerivedClass();
};
#endif

The sketch fails to compile:

/Users/andrew/Documents/Arduino/libraries/DerivedClass/DerivedClass.h:9: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of 'SoftwareSerial' with no type /Users/andrew/Documents/Arduino/libraries/DerivedClass/DerivedClass.h:9: error: expected ';' before '*' token

If I change the sketch to:

#include <DerivedClass.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
}

i.e. including the SoftwareSerial library in the top level sketch, it compiles fine.

If I expand the library out so it actually performs actions, then if it compiles, it works.

Why is this? HardwareSerial is a built-in part of the Arduino, located in hardware/arduino/cores/arduino and SoftwareSerial is in libraries, but why would the build process differentiate between the two.

Answer 1

If I remember correctly this is in fact a limitation of the Arduino IDE.

If you use a better IDE (personally I use Eclipse with the Arduino plugin) it works as it should, i.e. if you include a library A that includes another library B, then in the end you won't get compile-time errors and both B and A will be included in the final binary.

• Cybergibbons: Absolutely right. Just tried Stino and it works fine. I might retreat back to using command line. I can't understand why they would do this.
• Cybergibbons: Indeed, they are trying to fix this in 1.5 github.com/arduino/Arduino/pull/1726